Need A Tutor?    |   Need Homework Help?                                                                             Help and Support     | Join or Cancel

Puffing is an opinion expressed by the seller and generally does not create an express warranty.
True
 
A description of goods which is made part of the basis of a bargain creates an implied warranty that the goods shall conform to the description.
False
 
A full warranty requires free repair of any defect.
True
 
Strict liability does not require proof of the defendant's negligence.
True
 
Under strict liability, coverage generally extends to personal injuries and property damage.
True
 
Intentionally touching another in a harmful or offensive way without legal justification or the consent of that person is a(n) ________.
battery

according to Marc Benioff the role of business is to
earn a profit and improve society
 
deontology is also called
categorical imperative
 
the alignment between the company and its stakeholders on sustainability issues is known as
materiality
 
The United Nations has adopted a set of 17 goals that include ending poverty, protecting the planet, ensuring prosperity for all, and ending hunger. This initiative is known as
the sustainable development goals
 
some people are deontologists when, making ethical decisions, others are utilitarian. You are either one or the other
false
 
the utilitarian ethical perspective is also known as
consequentialism
 
business ethics is more concerned with
reasoning than with answers
 
beliefs that incline us to act or choose in one way rather than another
values
 
the critical characteristics of successful companies is careful
balance between
 
The first step in making decisions that are ethically responsible is to consider how a decision affects stakeholder
False
 
Responsible decision-making requires that we discipline ourselves to explore additional methods of resolution
True
 
Using a simple decision rule usually guides individuals toward the best possible decisions and ensures that they are accountable for the decisions made
False
 
Having a simple rule to follow can be reassuring to many decision makers. We feel most comfortable with using these simplified decision rules otherwise known as satisficing
False
 
Within a business setting, individuals must consider the ethical implications of both personal and professional decision-making
True
 
Identify the first step in an ethical decision-making process
Determine the facts
 
Which of the following is the second step of the ethical decision-making process?
Identifying ethical issues
 
Kathy, your best friend and classmate, asks you to help her with a challenging ethical predicament. Which of the following would be your first step in the decision-making process?
Identifying the ethical issues
 
When does issue identification become the first step in the ethical decision-making process?
When you are presented with an issue from the start
 
In the ethical decision-making process, identify the steps that can exchange places depending on the circumstances
Determining the facts; identifying the ethical issues
 
Which of the following terms refers to shortsightedness about values?
Normative myopia
 
According to Bazerman and Chugh, inattentional blindness results from:
Focusing failures
 
Arthur Anderson auditors did not notice how low Enron had fallen in terms of its unethical decisions over a period. According to Bazerman and Chugh, this omission is an example of:
Change blindness
 
Which omission occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual changes over time?
Change blindness
 
In the ethical decision-making process, once we have examined the facts and identified the ethical issues involved, we should next:
Identify stakeholders
 
___________ include all of the groups and/or individuals affected by a decision, policy or operation of a firm or individual
Stakeholders
 
Jim resides in the vicinity of a steel manufacturing firm. Any changes in the pollution control or waste treatment policy of the firm indirectly affects Jim. In this sense Jim is a:
Stakeholder
 
Which of the following elements distinguish good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not?
Moral imagination
 
Creativity in identifying options is also known as:
Moral imagination
 
In the ethical decision-making process, once we have examined the facts, identified the ethical issues involved, and identified the stakeholders, we need to next:
Consider the available alternatives
 
Which of the following elements is important not only to consider the obvious options with regard to a particular dilemma, but also the much more subtle ones that might not be evident at first blush?
Moral imagination
 
In an ethical decision-making process, moral imagination helps individuals make ethically responsible decisions. Identify the step in which moral imagination is critical.
Consider the available alternatives
 
In the ethical decision-making process, identify the step that involves predicting the likely, foreseeable, and the possible consequences to all the relevant stakeholders.
Comparing and weighing the alternatives
 
A critical element of this step in the ethical decision-making process will be the consideration of ways to mitigate, minimize, or compensate for any possible harmful consequences or to increase and promote beneficial consequences
Comparing and weighing alternatives
 
Consequences, justifications, principles, rights, or duties are all methods to:
Compare and weigh alternatives
 
Which step in the ethical decision-making process occurs once you have considered how a decision affects stakeholders by comparing and weighing the alternatives?
Making a decision
 
When faced with a situation that suggests two clear alternatives resolutions, we often consider only those two clear paths, missing the fact that other alternatives might be possible. Considering limited alternatives is a stumbling block to responsible action that can be categorized as:
A cognitive barrier
 
Which of the following explains the term "satisficing"?
Selecting the alternative that meets minimum decision criteria
 
Which of the following is not a cognitive barrier to responsible, ethical decision-making?
Not following simplified decision rules
 
Which of the following cognitive barriers, when used, might appear to relieve us of accountability for the decision, even if it may not be the best possible decision?
Applying simplified decision rules
 
Which of the following is an example of an institutional role?
Teacher
 
Which of the following is an example of a social role?
Neighbor
 
Identify the barrier where individuals or groups select the option that suffices, the one that people can live with, even if it might not be the best.
Satisficing
 
According to Socrates, this aspect leads to an unexamined life not worth living.
Passivity
 
According to Levinas, people are hostages because their personal identity is determined by how they respond to the demands others place upon them.
True
 
Søren Kierkegaard's father believed there was a curse on the family because he, as a child, had stepped on a loaf of bread to get across a mud puddle.
False
 
According to Levinas, religion no longer promises a happy ending; this means that ethics now has become the highest form of religious faith.
True
 
With the advent of Christianity, an ethics of conduct was rejected in favor of an ethics based on virtue.
False
 
Kierkegaard shocked Romantic nineteenth-century Europe by claiming, a century ahead of his time, that objectivity is truth.
False
 
Sartre strongly argued that essence must precede existence.
False
 
Bernard Mayo believes that a virtuous person usually does the right thing, but someone who follows moral rules of conduct may not always be a virtuous person.
True
 
Jean-Paul Sartre's example of a young woman on a date is an example of bad faith.
True
 
Philippa Foot claims that a person who makes an effort to overcome his or her inclination is morally better than the one to whom virtue comes easily.
False
 
Kant insisted that trying to learn virtue from role models does not lead to virtue, but to jealousy and resentment.
True
 
Heidegger calls humans "Being-there" because human existence is different from the existence of things and animals.
True
 
Virtue theory focuses equally on positive and negative role models.
False
 
There is a difference between a morality of virtue and an ethics of virtue.
True
 
According to Jean-Paul Sartre, relationships between lovers is a game of dominance.
True
 
Heidegger believes we ought to take into account what "they say," because forgetting about public opinion removes us from total existential awareness.
False
 
A false dichotomy is an extreme either-or situation that really has more
than two alternatives.
True
 
Kant believed that we learn virtue best from positive role models.
False
 
In his interview, Levinas makes it clear that the ethical extends to only human beings and not animals as they do not have a face in an ethical sense.
False
 
According to Nietzsche, a bad person is someone who is not willing to
stand up for himself.
True
 
Heidegger thinks humans feel anguish when they realize that all their concerns and rules are relative.
True
 
Levinas has been criticized for insisting that the Other is essentially feminine.
True
 
Christina Hoff Sommers believes that the proper way to teach values is to focus on Christian values of obedience and sexual abstinence.
False
 
Since the 1990s, Republican politicians have shown an interest in the issue of social policies, whereas Democratic politicians have focused on the issue of moral character.
False
 
According to Sartre, there are some specific people who do not have freedom of choice, such as soldiers.
False
 
Christina Hoff Sommers wants to teach students that values are not merely a matter of taste.
True
 
Nietzsche claims that God is dead.
True
 
Philippa Foot stresses that having a virtue is not the same as having a skill; it is having the proper intention to do something.
True
 
Christina Hoff Sommers believes that moral problems such as pollution, homelessness, or the loneliness of elderly people must be solved by the state and not the individual.
False
 
According to Nietzsche, a new moral value system must be advocated—one that respects the weaker individual and sets limits on the powers of the masters.
False
 
According to Nietzsche, power belongs by right to one who is capable of grabbing and holding on to it.
True
 
The character of Judge William is Kierkegaard's symbol of a person who is locked in the aesthetic stage.
False
 
Jack believes that his disposition is a result of his genetic composition and upbringing. Thus, he is convinced that his sense of free will is an illusion. Which of the following viewpoints is Jack most likely to hold?
hard determinism
 
There are three major criticisms that one may raise against Mayo's idea of emulating role models. Which one should NOT be on the list?
Everyone is imperfect, so there really are no role models.
 
According to Levinas, the ultimate disregard for the Other is represented by the
Nazi Holocaust.
 
Which of the following philosophers speaks the following words? "The approach to the face is the most basic mode of responsibility. As such, the face of the other is verticality and uprightness; it spells a relation of rectitude."
Levinas
 
According to Nietzsche, the worst that life could be is
a life that repeats itself.
 
According to Alasdair MacIntyre, virtue is linked to
Telling one's culture's traditional stories.
 
Which of the following problems does Christina Hoff Sommers highlight in her quest to return to virtue ethics?
the irony of students cheating in an ethics test
 
In her virtue theory, Philippa Foot shares characteristics with
Aristotle
 
According to Nietzsche, which is a better morality to embrace: slave morality or master morality?
master morality
 
What does Heidegger mean by saying that Being-theres always care about something?
Humans are involved in caring for others and in their own existence
 
Levinas's philosophy of the Other holds a possible key to overcoming the
Barrier of culture differences and stereotypes
 
The words "It is wrong to mistreat a child, to humiliate someone, to torment an animal. To think only of yourself, to steal, to break promises" were spoken by
Christina Hoff Sommers.
 
According to Sartre, the belief that there is no God, and life is absurd, leads to the conclusion that
humans must create their own values through the process of making choices.
 
What does Levinas mean when he says "ethics precedes ontology"? that understanding the needs of the Other foreruns any philosophy of
existence
 
According to Kierkegaard, the phrase "Subjectivity is Truth" means that There is no objective truth about life, only a personal truth for each
individual
 
The polarization of American politics can be seen or labeled as all of the following EXCEPT
Good vs Evil
 
What does Sartre mean by bad faith?
trying to avoid making a choice by pretending that you have no choice
 
The words "Thus there are no accidents in a life; a community event which suddenly bursts forth and involves me in it does not come from the outside. If I am mobilized in a war, this war is my war; it is in my image, and I deserve it." were said by
Jean-Paul Sartre.
 
The theory of Nietzsche that states that God is dead provides an early inspiration for which of the following theories?
Sartre's theory that life is absurd, since there is no God
 
Kierkegaard theorizes that there are three stages to the development of one's character. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages?
the existential stage
 
The market and the administrative versions of utilitarianism both _____.
share the same goal of maximizing good outcomes overall
 
Why do some utilitarians turn to policy experts to create and implement policies?
Because policy experts can best predict the consequences of the policies
 
One of the challenges to utilitarian ethics is that _____.
comparisons of consequences are sometimes impractical
 
The most significant contribution of utilitarianism to philosophical thought is _____.
its influence on virtue ethics
 
Advertising regulations should be determined by advertisers themselves, who are in the best position to judge what risks they are willing to take to generate profits.
Market utilitarianism
 
Advertising regulations should be determined by experts who have carefully studied and observed the field of advertising and who will establish well-researched standards for advertisers.
Administrative utilitarianism
 
Rights function to prevent individuals from _____.
having to sacrifice their integrity for greater overall happiness
 
An issue faced by utilitarians when calculating the consequences of an action is that _____.
utilitarians differ on what constitutes the overall good
 
Principles create _____ that bind people to behave or decide in certain ways.
Ethical duties
 
A serious issue that ethicists have with the utilitarian school of thought concerns its belief that _____.
means are justified by their end
 
What is the function of rights?
To prevent individuals from being sacrificed for the greater overall good
 
Lorraine captures an endangered snake in her garden. A passerby tells her that it is extremely valuable and that she should sell it instead of calling the authorities. However, she notifies the authorities and has them take it away as it is a crime to sell the snake. What type of ethical principle is Lorraine abiding by?
Legal principal
 
Identify an example of a categorical imperative.
"All humans should refrain from taking the life of a human regardless of the circumstances."
 
________are ethical rules that put values into action.
Principles
 
Utilitarians believe that they ought to obey certain principles even if doing so does not increase overall happiness.
False
 
Identify an example of a hypothetical duty.
One must support charities as long as it is within one's means to do so."
 
Rights function to prevent individuals from _____.
having to sacrifice their integrity for greater overall happiness
 
Identify the types of ethical principles that are part of a social contract. (Check all that apply.)
Role-based principles
Legal principles
Organizational principles
Professional principles
 
According to many philosophers, ethical duties should be ___________which means that a person must obey fundamental ethical rules
Categorical imperatives
 
Principles create _____ that bind people to behave or decide in certain ways.
Ethical duties
 
One of the features of human rights is that they _____.
protect individuals from having their dignity violated
 
Lorraine captures an endangered snake in her garden. A passerby tells her that it is extremely valuable and that she should sell it instead of calling the authorities. However, she notifies the authorities and has them take it away as it is a crime to sell the snake. What type of ethical principle is Lorraine abiding by?
Legal principle
 
According to Immanuel Kant, the fundamental duty of a person to respect the rights of others is the duty to _____.
treat others as ends in themselves
 
In the Kantian tradition, human beings do not act only out of instinct and conditioning; they make free choices about how they live their lives. In this sense, humans are said to have a fundamental human right of ________________ or self-rule.
Autonomy
 
According to principle-based ethics, which of the following are natural rights? (Check all that apply.)
Liberty
Equality
 
Which of the following statements is true according to the libertarian perspective?
Businesses should not be restricted from pursuing profit in any voluntary and nondeceptive manner.
 
According to principle-based ethics, the fundamental moral duty of human beings is to _____.
respect other people's basic human rights
 
According to the Kantian tradition, fundamental human rights and duties are derived from _____.
the free and rational nature of human beings
 
True or false: In principle-based ethics, liberty and equality are
considered legal rights created by governments and communities.
False
 
Which of the following are the beliefs of libertarians? (Check all that apply.)
Government regulation on business practices that are not ethical is considered just.
Individuals should be free to engage in any voluntary economic exchange as long as they do not harm others.
 
Identify an argument of socialist egalitarian theories.
Basic economic goods and services should be equally distributed.
 
Egalitarian perspectives on social justice generally support _____.
increased governmental involvement in the economy
 
One of the challenges to an ethics of rights highlights the fact that _____.
rights are sometimes in conflict with each other
 
Character traits that would constitute a good and full human life are called _____.
Virtues
 
is a perspective that states that people act only out of self-interest.
Egoism
 
An ethics of virtue focuses on a Pearson's ______________which refers to those dispositions, relationships, attitudes, values, and beliefs that popularly might be called a "personality."
Character
 
Identify an argument of socialist egalitarian theories.
Basic economic goods and services should be equally distributed
 
In a business setting, the most important conflict of rights would occur when _____.
employees' economic rights conflict with their employers' property rights
 
Which tradition in philosophical ethics seeks a complete and detailed description of character traits that would constitute a good and meaningful human life?
Virtue ethics
 
The perspective of egoism claims that it is impossible for people to _____.
be altruistic
 
True or false: An individual's self, or character, is identical to his or her most basic and enduring dispositions, values, beliefs, and attitudes.
True
 
Virtue ethics focuses on
Who a person is
 
True or false: In ethics, all acts can be successfully justified by tying them to self-interest.
False
 
According to virtue ethics, one of the ways in which choices affect character is through _____.
the people and organizations one choose to associate with
 
How does virtue ethics reconcile the conflict between self-interest and altruism?
By stating that some people's selves are altruistic
 
Identify a view of virtue ethics
Character and action have a reciprocal relationship.
 
Ethical theories attempt to answer the question of how we should live, but do not give reasons to support their answers
False
 
Philosophical ethics provides justifications that must be applicable to all people regardless of their religious starting points
True
 
Deontological ethical traditions direct us to consider the moral character of individuals and how various character traits can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life.
False
 
Utilitarianism has been called a consequentialist approach to ethics and social policy.
True
 
The ultimate ethical goal of deontology is to produce the best consequences for all parties affected by the decisions
False
 
Utilitarianism opposes policies that aim to benefit only a small social, economic, or political minority.
True
 
It is possible to argue on utilitarian grounds that child labor is ethically permissible because it produces better overall consequence than the alternatives.
True
 
The "administrative" version of utilitarianism considers competitive
markets to be the most efficient means of maximizing happiness.
False
 
The "market" version of utilitarianism argues that questions of safety and risk should be determined by experts who establish standards that the business is required to meet.
False
 
Utilitarians would object to child labor as a matter of principle
False
 
The idea behind deontological ethics is commonsensical.
True
 
A social contract functions to organize and ease relations between individuals.
True
 
The concept of a human or moral right is central to the consequence-based ethical tradition.
False
 
Employees have a right to a minimum wage, equal opportunity, and to bargain collectively as part of a union. These rights are examples of contractual agreements with employers
False
 
An ethics of virtue shifts the focus from questions about who a person
is, to what that person should do.
False
 
Virtue ethics emphasizes the more affective side of our character
True
 
Ethical reasoning falls into three major categories. Identify them.
Personal character, consequences, and principles
 
Identify the ethical tradition that directs us to act on the basis of moral principles.
Deontological ethical tradition
 
The study of various character traits that can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life is part of:
virtue ethics.
 
Utilitarianism has been called a(n):
consequentialist approach to ethics.
 
Which of the following traditions is commonly identified with the principle of producing "the greatest good for the greatest number"?
Utilitarianism
 
Which of the following principles of utilitarianism indicates its support for democratic institutions and policies?
The greatest good for the greatest number
 
Which of the following traditions would support child labor because it produces better overall consequences than the available alternatives?
Utilitarianism
 
The utilitarian tradition has a long history of relying on _____ for
deciding on the ethical legitimacy of alternative decisions.
social sciences
 
The "market" version of utilitarianism would promote all of the following policies except:
regulation of advertising.
 
Economists that view profit maximization as a central idea to corporate social responsibility are following the:
utilitarian framework of ethics
 
Which of the following would be advocated by the "administrative" version of utilitarianism?
Government regulation of business
 
The essence of utilitarianism is its:
reliance on consequences.
 
The statement, "the end justifies the means," reflects the principle of:
utilitarianism.
 
Which ethical framework goes against the ethical principle of obeying certain duties or responsibilities, no matter the end result?
Utilitarian framework of ethics
 
The idea behind deontological approach to ethics is:
commonsensical.
 
Which of the following approaches to ethics tells us that there are some rules that we ought to follow even if doing so prevents good consequences from happening or even if it results in some bad consequences?
Deontological
 
Which of the following statements reflects the deontological ethical tradition?
Obey the law
 
Lawyers, accountants, auditors, financial analysts, bankers have important roles to play within political and economic institutions. These roles insure the integrity and proper functioning of the economic, legal, or financial system and are termed as:
gatekeeper functions.
 
No group could function if members were free at all times to decide for themselves what to do and how to act. Which of the following functions to organize and ease relations between individuals?
Social contracts
 
According to Immanuel Kant, there is essentially one fundamental moral duty:
respect the dignity of each individual.
 
Immanuel Kant claimed that the duty to respect human dignity could be expressed in several ways. One version directs us to act according to those rules that could be universally agreed to by all people. This is the first form of the:
Kantian categorical imperative.
 
Which of the following is also known as the Kantian tradition in ethics?
Deontological ethics
 
The concept of moral rights is central to the:
principle-based ethical tradition.
 
The Kantian tradition claims that humans do not act only out of instinct and conditioning; they make free choices about how they live their lives, about their own ends. In this sense, humans are said to have a fundamental human right of:
autonomy.
 
Which among the following is a legal right?
Right to bargain collectively as part of a union.
 
Which of the following approaches conceive of practical reason in terms of deciding how to act and what to do?
Utilitarianism and deontology
 
Which of the following traditions seeks a full and detailed description of those character traits that would constitute a good and full human life?
Virtue ethics
 
Identify the view which holds that people act only out of a self-interest.
Egoism
 
Identify the approach to ethics that shifts the focus from questions about what a person should do, to a focus on who that person is.
Virtue ethics
 
Virtue ethics emphasizes the more _____ side of our character.
affective
 
Which of the following focuses on the concept of practices and what type of people these practices are creating?
Virtue ethics framework of ethics.
 
Virtue ethics directs us to consider the _____ of individuals and how various character traits can contribute to, or obstruct a happy, meaningful life.
moral character
 
_____ is commonly identified with the principle of "maximize the overall good" or, in a slightly different version, of producing "the greatest good for the greatest number."
Utilitarianism
 
The emphasis on producing the greatest good for the greatest number makes utilitarianism a _____.
Social Philosophy
 
People endorsing child labor by justifying that it brings in foreign investment within poor countries are mostly _____.
utilitarians
 
The " _____ " version of utilitarianism would be sympathetic with government regulation of business on the grounds that such regulation will insure that business activities do contribute to the overall good.
administrative
 
One problem associated with utilitarianism is that the essence of utilitarianism is its reliance on _____.
consequences
 
Legal rules, organizational rules, role-based rules, and professional rules, all form a part of a social agreement called the _____, which functions to organize and ease relations between individuals.
social contract
 
The basis of the ethical principle emphasized by _____ is to respect the dignity of individuals.
Immanuel Kant
 
Right to a minimum wage, equal opportunity, to bargain collectively aspart of a union, and to be free from sexual harassment are examples of _____ rights.
legal
 
_____ is a view that holds that people act only out of self-interest.
Egoism
 
Torts are civil wrongs that arise from the defendant's breach of duty that causes an injury to a particular person.
True
 
Intentional torts involve voluntary acts that harm the public at large.
False
 
Raising one's hand as if to strike another even though the blow never transpires constitutes the tort of assault if the victim reasonably thought herself to be in immediate danger.
True
 
Libel is the spoken form of the tort of defamation.
False
 
Falsely claiming that a competitor's product is defective or harmful might constitute injurious falsehood.
True
 
Slander generally requires a showing of actual harm.
True
 
Conversion is the situation in which a serious and extensive interference with someone's personal property is impaired because of some tortious interference.
True
 
Victims of negligence in a product liability case can bring actions against only manufacturers of the defective product.
False
 
To establish a successful negligence claim, a plaintiff must establish that the defendant intentionally breached a duty of due care to the plaintiff.
False
 
Res ipsa loquitur requires a showing that the accident happened due to the defendant's negligence.
False
 
The risk-utility test holds that a product is negligently designed if the benefits of a product's design are outweighed by the risks that accompany that design.
True
 
According to the comparative negligence defense, a plaintiff's recovery is reduced by a percentage equal to the percentage of the plaintiff's fault in the case.
True
 
In many states, a plaintiff who willingly enters a dangerous situation and is injured will be barred from recovery even if the dangerous condition is not his fault.
True
 
A warranty is simply a non-contract-based guarantee.
False
 
Intentionally causing another to reasonably believe that he or she is about to be the victim of a battery is a(n) ________.
assault
 
Which of the following is not necessary to establish the tort of slander?
The victim's emotional well-being is harmed.
 
Which of the following statements is not true of intentional infliction of emotional distress?
Testimony from a mental health professional is the only requirement needed to recover damages.
 
When an individual's name or image is wrongfully used without permission for commercial purposes, it is called a(n) ________.
misappropriation of one's name or likeness
 
An intentional invasion of a person's solitude is labeled a(n) ________ if it would be highly offensive to a reasonable person.
intrusion
 
Which of the following statements is true of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act?
The act requires written warranties to be labeled full or limited.
 
Which of the following statements is true of the strict liability law?
Strict liability offers the prospect of holding all of those in the
 
Which of the following is not true of coverage under the law of strict liability?
The courts have interpreted strict liability to cover exclusively design and warning defect cases.
 
George decides to use a lawn mower to trim his hedges. He lifts the mower and in this process is seriously injured. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely under strict liability?
The company will win if it can prove that using a mower to trim
 
Which of the following is a strict liability defense?
Assumption of risk
 
Which of the following is not a defense to an intentional tort?
Negligence
 
When a company manufactures a product, it is sound business practice to consider which of the following?
The cost of litigation should a products liability claim be filed