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Everyone agrees that there is only one valid approach to reconciling the wide range of values appealed to in defense of various environmental
policy prescriptions: forget the need to attain a unity of value rationales and focus on finding agreement on specific policy recommendations.
 
TRUE
FALSE
   
Non-ecocentric approaches to the environment assume that only individual beings can be the holders of ethical value. Ecocentrists,
in contrast, extend that concept to ecological wholes, like ecosystems, populations, and species.
This is the correct answer.
 
TRUE
FALSE
   
Using natural objects as resources is, per se, of itself, an important ethical issue from the ecocentric perspective.
 
TRUE
FALSE
   
In one area of emerging environmental policy consensus, the real ethical issue in the debate over the use of nonhuman natural
objects as resources is not that we use them, but which objects we use, how, what for and the rate at which we use them.
 
TRUE
FALSE
   
According to William Baxter, the optimal level of pollution can be achieved through competitive markets because society,
through the activities of individuals, will be willing to pay for pollution reduction as long as the perceived benefits outweigh the costs.
 
TRUE
FALSE
   
Market solutions to environmental pollution fallaciously presume that what is good and rational for a collection of individuals is
necessarily good and rational for a society. As a result, important ethical and policy questions can be missed and that can lead to
serious environmental harm. Under the market model, for example, restricting sales of sports utility vehicles (SUV's) and treating
them as trucks with higher gas mileage standards or increasing taxes on gasoline would never be considered.
 
TRUE
FALSE
   
Although beliefs are objective and subject to rational evaluation, there is no reason not to judge the validity of a person's
belief by a person's willingness to pay for it. Therefore, economic analysis legitimately includes beliefs in addressing environmental policy.
 
TRUE
FALSE
   
Norman Bowie believes that in addition to the moral minimum requirement of obeying the law, causing no avoidable harm to humans,
and refraining from unduly influencing environmental legislation, it is conceivable that business may still have other special environmental
responsibilities and obligations.
 
TRUE
FALSE
   
If productive activities used in the classical model of economics continue, the entire model will prove unstable because these
activities may move resources through the system at a rate that outgrows the productive capacity of the earth or the earth's
capacity to absorb their wastes and by-products.
 
TRUE
FALSE
   
There are no conditions that will allow the biosphere to produce resources and absorb wastes indefinitely.
 
TRUE
FALSE
   
Which environmental issue might fit easily within standard ethical theory and can easily be integrated into the standard model
of business' ethical responsibilities?
 
Responsibilities to generations of human beings not yet living.
The moral standing of nonhuman living beings.
Anthropocentrical ethics allowing for responsibilities regarding the nonhuman natural world.
Nonanthropocentrical ethics claiming that we have direct moral responsibilities to The nonhuman natural world.
   
According to the anthropocentric, nonanthropocentric, and various biocentric approaches to environmental issues,
which beings would not be holders of ethical value?
 
Individual humans.
Whole ecosystems, populations, and species.
Individual animals.
Individual living beings other than animals
   
Identify the activity that ecocentric ethics would not accept as morally legitimate:
 
Using animals as food, pets, or game.
Clear-cut forestry, hunting and fishing that threaten endangered species.
Selective thinning of forests lands by logging
Selective hunting and killing as a means to protect ecosystems from invasion by nonnative species.
   
Select the statements that do not express a good reason for preserving biological diversity among both plant and animal species:
 
Lost diversity among crops makes food production more prone to disease and weather- related failures.
Plant diversity holds great promise for research into medicine production.
Plant diversity holds great promise for research into food production.
Biodiversity contributes to healthier ecosystems.
All of the above.
None of the above.
   
Select the statement challenging the view that from a strictly free market perspective, resources are "infinite":
 
1.      Human ingenuity and incentive has always found substitutes for any shortages.
2.      As the supply of any resource decreases, the price increases and provides a strong incentive to supply more or provide a less costly substitute.
3.      All resources are fungible, i.e., can be replaced by substitutes.
4.      Trading certain environmental goods like rhinoceros horns, tiger claws, elephant tusks, and mahogany on the black market seriously
threatens their viability.
   
Identify the perspective that, if true, would challenge Mark Sagoff's argument against the use of economic analysis as the dominant tool of
environmental policymakers:
 
1.      Economics can only deal with wants and preferences because these are what get expressed in an economic market.
2.      Even though wants and beliefs are in different categories, markets can measure the intensity of our wants by our willingness to pay, and
that fact, by extension, provides a measurement as well for our beliefs or values.
3.      When economics is involved in environmental policy, it treats beliefs as if they are mere wants and thereby seriously distorts the issues.
4.      Wants are personal and subjective, while beliefs are subject to rational evaluation. When environmentalists argue for preservation of a forest,
or species, or ecology, they are stating convictions about a public good that can be accepted or rejected by others on the basis of reasons, not
on who is most willing to pay for it.
   
Market analysis as applied to issues of the environment is ineffective because:
 
1.      It treats us always as consumers, not as citizens, threatening our political process. It leaves no room for debate, discussion, or
dialogue in which to defend our beliefs with reasons.
2.      The market ignores the fact that we are "thinkers," not just "wanters," and reduces our beliefs and values to mere matters of
personal taste and opinion.
3.      As Mark Sagoff points out, environmental goals are views and beliefs that cannot be priced by markets or economic analysis.
4.      Our political system leaves room for both personal and public interests.
5.      All of the above:
6.      None of the above:
   
Select the statement that does not challenge the Mark Sagoff-Norman Bowie approach which holds that absent consumer demand or
law that establish environmental policy, business has no particular environmental responsibility:
 
1.      This approach underestimates the influence that business can have in establishing the law.
2.      The side constraints of law are a highly effective tool for controlling managerial decisions that might affect the environment.
3.      Norman Bowie's proposed obligations on the part of business to refrain from using its influence to shape environmental regulation
is a praiseworthy proposal but it's unlikely to have any political effect.
4.      This approach underestimates the ability of business to influence consumer choice.
   
Choose the statement that defenders of the circular flow model which explains the nature of economic transactions in terms of a
flow of resources from businesses to households would agree with:
 
1.      The services that resources yield can be provided in many ways by substituting different factors of production and are, therefore, infinite.
2.      The possibility that the economy can grow indefinitely to keep up with significant population growth is ignored by this model.
3.      If resources are moved through the classical model of a productive system at a rate that outpaces the productive capacity of the earth or the earth's
capacity to absorb wastes and by-products of the system, the entire classical model will prove unstable.
4.      Many resources like clean air, drinkable water, fertile soil, and food cannot, under the circular flow model, be replaced by the remaining
factors of production.
   
Identify the statement that does not meet Natural Capitalism's principles for the redesign of business to meet its environmental responsibilities:
 
1.      To serve the needs of the poorest 75 percent of the world's population, ecoefficient business practices focus on ways of increasing efficiency
and, therefore, decreasing resource use by a factor of 5-10.
2.      To serve the needs of the poorest 75 percent of the world's population, the standard growth model would increase economic growth by
a factor of 5-10.
3.      The principle of biomimicry attempts to eliminate by-products once lost as waste and pollution and reintegrate them into the production
process or return them as a benign or beneficial product to the biosphere.
4.      Models of business as a producer of goods should be replaced with a model of business as a provider of services.
 
The sustainable business and sustainable economic development seek to create new ways of doing business in which business success is measured in terms of economic, ethical, and environmental sustainability, often called the Sustainable Bottom Line approach.
False
 
According to the conservation movement, the natural world is valued as a resource, providing humans with both direct benefits and indirect benefits.
True
 
The supporters of the conservation movement, the first phase of modern environmentalism, argue against the exploitation of natural resources as if they could provide an inexhaustible supply of material.
True
 
Some animals have the cognitive capacity to possess a conscious life of their own. The utilitarian ethical tradition asserts that we have a duty not to treat these animals as mere objects and means to our own ends.
False
 
A market-based approach to resolving environmental challenges is
reminiscent of the philanthropic view of CSR.
False
 
In his well-known book, People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution, William Baxter supports the market-approach to resolving environmental challenges.
True
 
From a strict market economic perspective, resources are "finite," and have to be used efficiently to gain maximum economic benefits.
False
 
Standards like Corporate Automotive Fuel Efficiency [CAFE] that address pollution and pollution-related disease are considered because we rely on market solutions.
False
 
Internalizing external costs and assigning property rights to unowned goods are responses to market failures.
True
 
A 'first generation' approach is ill advised when public policy involves irreplaceable public goods.
True
 
Before the introduction of environmental legislation in 1970's, the primary legal avenue open for addressing environmental concerns was contractual law.
False
 
The regulatory model assumes that economic growth is environmentally and ethically benign.
True
 
The three pillars of sustainability include goals to achieve economic, environmental, and competitive sustainability.
False
 
The circular flow model differentiates natural resources from the other factors of production.
False
 
According to the model of the economy (or Economic System) as a Subset of the Biosphere (or Ecosystem), "waste energy" is continuously leaving the economic system and thus new low-entropy energy must constantly flow into the system. Ultimately, the only source for low-entropy energy is the sun.
True
 
The ultimate goal of biomimicry is to eliminate waste altogether rather than reducing it.
True
 
The Triple Bottom Line approach involves the measurement of business success of sustainable businesses and sustainable economic development in terms of three factors. Identify them.
Economic, ethical, and environmental sustainability
 
Knowing what the future must be, creative businesses then look backwards to the present and determine what must be done to arrive at that future is a process called:
Backcasting
 
Which of the following was the first phase of modern environmentalism?
The conservation movement
 
Conservationists argue against the exploitation of natural resources as if:
they can provide an inexhaustible supply of material
 
The approach that animals with a central nervous system feel pain is akin to the _____ ethical framework, which asserts an ethical responsibility to minimize pain.
utilitarian
 
The approach that at least some animals have the cognitive capacity to possess a conscious life of their own is akin to the _____ ethical framework, which asserts that we have a duty not to treat these animals as mere objects and means to our own ends.
Utilitarian
 
A market-based approach to resolving environmental challenges is reminiscent of the _____ view of CSR.
economic
 
Defenders of the market approach contend that environmental problems are economic problems that deserve economic solutions. Fundamentally, environmental problems involve the:
allocation and distribution of limited resources
 
In economic terms, all resources are infinite because:
they are 'fungible'
 
What do you understand by the statement "all resources are fungible?"
They can be replaced by substitutes
 
The fact that future generations, neighbors, etc. will bear the brunt of environmental pollution shows that market failures can occur through:
the existence of externatlities
 
Internalizing external costs and assigning property rights to unowned goods such as wild species are two responses to market failures by defenders of a narrow economic view of corporate social responsibility. These ad hoc attempts to repair market failures are environmentally inadequate because of the:
first-generation problem
 
Markets can work to prevent harm only through information supplied by the existence of market failures. This is termed as the:
first-generation problem
 
Before environmental legislation was enacted, the primary legal avenue open for addressing environmental concerns was:
tort law
 
Which of the following statements is not a problem faced by the regulatory approach to environmental challenges?
It established standards that effectively shifted the burden from those threatened with harm to those who would cause the harm
 
The three goals of sustainable development that include economic, environmental, and ethical sustainability are referred to as the:
three pillars of sustainability
 
The _____ was charged with developing recommendations for paths towards economic and social development that would not achieve short-term economic growth at the expense of long-term environmental and economic sustainability.
Brundtland commission
 
Identify the correct statement about the Brundtland Commission.
It offered what has become the standard definition of sustainable development. "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
 
The _____ explains the nature of economic transactions in the terms of a flow of resources from businesses to households and back again.
circular flow model
 
Identify the correct statement about the "circular flow model."
also as boundless
 
Which of the following statements is true about the "circular flow model?"
The possibility that the economy cannot grow indefinitely is not part of this model
 
According to economist Herman Daly, the emphasis of economic growth as the goal of economic policy will inevitably fail unless it is realized that:
the economy is a subsystem within Earth's biosphere
 
According to model of the economy (or Economic System) as a subset of the biosphere (or Ecosystem), we recognize that neither matter nor energy can truly be "created," it can only be transferred from one form to another. This conservation of matter/energy is consistent with the:
first law of thermodynamics
 
According to model of the economy (or Economic System) as a subset of the biosphere (or Ecosystem), entropy increased within a closed space (the second law of thermodynamics) implies that:
the amount of usable energy decreases over time
 
According to economist Herman Daly, over the long term, resources and energy cannot be used, nor waste produced, at rates which the biosphere cannot replace or absorb them without harming its ability to sustain life. These are what Daly calls the:
"biophysical limits to growth."
 
"Doing more with less" has been an environmental guideline for decades. This version of the first principle is sometimes called:
eco-efficiency
 
Estimates suggesting that with present technologies, businesses can readily achieve at least a fourfold increase in efficiency, and perhaps as much as a tenfold increase. This can be achieved through:
eco-efficiency
 
"Closed-loop" production seeks to integrate what is presently waste back into production. In an ideal situation, the waste of one firm becomes the resource of another, and such synergies can create eco-industrial parks. This principle is often referred to as:
biomimicry
 
The evolution of business strategy towards biomimicry can be understood along a continuum. The earliest phase has been described as " _____," where business takes resources, makes products out of them, and discards whatever is left over.
take-make-waste
 
The evolution of business strategy towards biomimicry can be understood along a continuum. A second phase envisions business taking responsibility for its products from " _____." This responsibility holds that a business is responsible for the entire life of its products, including the ultimate disposal even after the sale.
cradle-to-grave
 
Cradle-to-grave and cradle-to-cradle responsibilities are part of the _____ sustainable business principle.
biomimicry
 
Identify the model that would hold a business liable for groundwater contamination caused by its products even years after they had been buried in a landfill.
Cradle-to-grave model
 
Identify the responsibility which holds that a business should be responsible for incorporating the end results of its products back into the productive cycle.
Cradle-to-cradle
 
Which of the following responsibilities entail an incentive to redesign products so that they can be recycled efficiently and easily?
Cradle-to-cradle