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The idea of government providing a job for everyone makes sense only if it means the responsibility to provide jobs that are compatible with
qualifications to those who can't find a job in the private sector.
 
True
False
   
Stockholder rights raise a relevant objection to the participation of workers in management decisions only if such participation threatens a
stockholder's investment.
 
True
False
   
Which of the following moral rights could be waived in order to get a job or an increase in employment benefits?
 
Protection against sexual harassment.
A safe and healthy workplace.
Wage levels required for a decent, humane level of existence.
None of the above
   
Select the statement that does not reflect the connection between the two senses of privacy as a right to be "left alone" and privacy as a
right to control information about oneself:
 
Certain decisions we make about how we live our lives play a crucial role in defining our personal identity.
Privacy establishes the boundary between individuals and thereby serves to define one's individuality.
The right to control certain very personal decisions and information has little relevance to determining the kind of
person we are and the person we become
To the degree that we value treating each person as an individual we ought to recognize that certain personal decisions and
information are rightfully the exclusive domain of the individual.
   
It is simply too much to ask of employers to provide an ideally safe workplace.
 
True
False
   
Rather than specifying every acceptable and unacceptable reason for dismissing an employee, "due process" refers to the
procedures employers must go through before dismissing workers.
 
True
False
   
Select the statement or statements that represent an erosion of employment at will as a legal doctrine:
 
Federal and state constitutions grant employees rights against the government as their employer.
Union employees are protected from arbitrary dismissal by their union contracts.
Civil rights laws protect employees from being fired because of race, or sex, for example.
All of the above
   
Identify the proposition that challenges the argument for mandatory union membership:
 
Mandatory union membership allocates the benefits and burdens of union membership in a fair and equal manner.
Whoever receives benefits from a process that entails costs should share in the cost of providing those benefits.
Bargaining between employer and employees will be equal only if the employees bargain for wages and benefits as individuals
Bargaining between employer and employees will be equal only if the employees bargain for wages and benefits collectively.
   
A procedural account of due process would preclude:
 
prior warnings, documentation, and written performance standards;
a list specifying beforehand every possible reason for dismissal and distinguishing them from unacceptable reasons
probationary periods;
an appeal process and an opportunity to respond to allegations.
   
According to Norman Bowie, employers have an obligation to provide jobs for individuals and structure the workplace so that
workers can exercise their autonomy, their independence.
 
True
False
   
The private property rights of business make it doubtful that it derives its coercive power from the consent of the governed
even in societies where individuals are respected as autonomous, free decision makers.
 
True
False
   
Select the statement that might represent a valid objection to worker participation in management decisions:
 
Private owners have property rights that include the right to manage and direct the business.
Workers lack the expertise and knowledge to manage a business.
Substantial conflicts that exist between the interests of the firm and the interests of the employees are more likely to occur
than similar conflicts between the interests of managers and the interests of the firm.
Any attempt to involve employees in decision making will be inefficient.
   
Which statement fails to provide a valid reason in support of John McCall's claim that employees have a right to participate in
management decisions?
 
Human dignity is tied to the ability of humans to guide their own lives and control their own destinies.
Fairness demands that each and every person affected by a managerial decision must have an opportunity to represent his or
her own interests.
Employees who participate in and contribute to decision making are less likely to suffer alienation and burnout.
None of the above
   
Which of the following goods are removed from the employment contract by legal rights?
 
Wages and benefits.
Wages set at less than the legal minimum wage.
Working conditions.
Agreements on productivity standards.
   
According to the free market and classical models of corporate social responsibility, individual bargaining between employees and
employers would be the best approach to workplace health and safety. Which statement does not support that approach?
 
Employees are perfectly free to decide what level of risk they are willing to accept for a corresponding level of wages.
In a competitive free market, individual bargaining would result in the optimal distribution of safety and incomes.
The means the market uses to gather information about risks is to observe the harms done to the first generation exposed to
imperfect market transactions, market failures.
The threat of compensatory payments acts as an incentive for employers to maintain a reasonably safe and healthy workplace.
   
Information about employees that is gathered through such technologies as polygraphs, drug-testing, surveillance, psychological tests
or electronic monitoring may sometimes have to include information that is not ordinarily job-relevant and legitimately knowable by
the employer if the employer thinks the overall good of the business might someday require it.
 
True
False
   
The employment at will doctrine means, essentially, that unless a specific contract states otherwise, an employer has the right
to hire and fire an employee for any reason whatever and the employee has the right to quit a job at any time.
 
True
False
   
Without collective bargaining, employers would have a stronger incentive to compromise with individual employees on levels
of wages and benefits.
 
True
False
   
Determine which statement defends the idea that private employers do not have an obligation to provide jobs for others:
 
Everyone needs a job to be able to satisfy his or her instrumental and psychic needs.
The economic system of a society exists, fundamentally, for the well-being of that society's members.
Employers have rights, although limited, to property and also have their own right to work.
If citizens have a right to a job to fulfill their instrumental and psychic needs, then some public institution has the obligation
to provide those jobs. Private employers can fulfill that obligation more efficiently than government.
   
One meaning of "employee rights'" is that employees have claims independently of any particular legal system, claims that
originate from the respect due them as human beings.
 
True
False
   
Information about employees that is gathered through such technologies as polygraphs, drug-testing, surveillance, psychological
tests or electronic monitoring may sometimes have to include information that is not ordinarily job-relevant and legitimately
knowable by the employer if the employer thinks the overall good of the business might someday require it.
 
True
False
   
The employment at will doctrine means, essentially, that unless a specific contract states otherwise, an employer has the right to hire
and fire an employee for any reason whatever and the employee has the right to quit a job at any time.
 
True
False
   
Without collective bargaining, employers would have a stronger incentive to compromise with individual employees on levels of wages and benefits.
 
True
False
   
Determine which statement defends the idea that private employers do not have an obligation to provide jobs for others:
 
Everyone needs a job to be able to satisfy his or her instrumental and psychic needs.
The economic system of a society exists, fundamentally, for the well-being of that society's members.
Employers have rights, although limited, to property and also have their own right to work
If citizens have a right to a job to fulfill their instrumental and psychic needs, then some public institution has the obligation
to provide those jobs. Private employers can fulfill that obligation more efficiently than government.
   
One meaning of "employee rights'" is that employees have claims independently of any particular legal system, claims that
originate from the respect due them as human beings.
 
True
False
   
Research shows that companies that place employees at the core of their strategies produce higher long-term returns to shareholders than do industry peers.
True
   
Salary is the most significant aspect of work from the employee's ethical perspective.
False
   
In legal contexts, due process refers to the procedures that police and courts must follow in exercising their authority over citizens.
True
   
A mistreatment needs to be physically threatening to be termed as "bullying."
False
   
The doctrine of 'employment at will'(EAW) holds that "all employers may dismiss their employee at will, be they many or few, for good cause, for no cause, except for cause morally wrong unless mandated by law."
False
 
Since the termination of the employee-employer relationship is theoretically mutual under EAW, the balanced power relationship remains unaltered.
False
 
Labor laws are exception to the EAW
True
 
If a firm decides to retain employees on the basis of longevity with the firm, and the retained employees are mostly of the male gender, then legally, the firm will not be violating any regulations.
False
 
John Rawl's theory of downforce is one of the most effective philosophical theories to employ in downsizing decisions.
False
 
"Sweatshops" lack even the most basic health and safety protections
True
 
Unlike work, health and safety are "goods" that are valued as a means for attaining other valuable ends, but not as ends in themselves.
False
 
If it can be determined that the probability of harm involved in a specific work activity is equal to or less than the probability of harm of some more common activity, then we can conclude that this specific activity faces an "acceptable level of risk."
True
 
Defenders of the free market and the classical model of corporate social responsibility would favor individual bargaining between employers and employees as the approach to workplace health and safety.
True
 
When the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was first established, regulations were aimed at achieving the safest feasible standards. This "feasibility" approach restricts OSHA to make tradeoffs between health and economics.
False
 
It is discriminatory to refuse to hire someone about whom you simply have a "bad feeling," even if that bad feeling is not based on their difference in race or gender.
False
 
Some employers might decide to treat employees well as a means to produce greater workplace harmony and productivity. This approach is reminiscent of _____ ethics.
A. deontological
B. utilitarian
C. virtue
D. Kantian
 
Some employers emphasize the rights and duties of all employees, and treat employees well simply because "it is the right thing to do." Identify the ethical approach for this perspective.
A. Virtue ethics
B. Utilitarianism
C. Deontological ethics
D. Classicism
 
Which of the following statements is true about the right of due process?
A. In legal contexts, due process refers to the procedures that police and courts must follow in exercising their authority over citizens.
B. Few dispute that the state, through its police and courts, has the authority to punish citizens. This authority of the state is the right of due process.
C. Due process in the workplace acknowledges employees' authority over an employer.
D. In legal contexts, due process refers to the unlimited authority that police and courts have over citizens, to create a safe and orderly society.
 
Identify the correct statement about "bullying."
A. The mistreatment of an employee needs to be physically threatening to be termed as bullying.
B. Bullying does not involve a boss who is constantly yelling dictates at workers because that is his job.
C. When a coworker spreads rumors about another in order to sabotage his position, he is not bullying because he is not higher than the other employee in the hierarchy of authority.
D. Bullying can lead to a complete loss of personal dignity, intimidation, and fear.
 
The issue of workplace bullying is more predominant in the service sector because:
A. it lacks the right of due process.
B. that work relies significantly on interpersonal relationships and interaction.
C. of its strong hierarchy of authority.
D. most of the organizations in this sector are decentralized.
 
Identify the doctrine which holds that employers are free to fire an employee at any time and for any reason, unless an agreement specifies otherwise.
A. The doctrine of estoppel
B. The doctrine of constructive notice
C. The doctrine of constructive dismissal
D. The doctrine of employment at will
 
Which of the following statements about the doctrine of employment at will (EAW) is true?
A. Employment at will holds that employers can fire an employee at any time, but have to provide them with a valid reason.
B. The freedom to terminate the employer-employee relationship is mutual, both theoretically and practically.
C. The ethical rationale for EAW has both utilitarian and deontological elements.
D. Civil rights laws is not an exception to the EAW because it prohibits firing someone on the basis of membership.
 
During to process of downsizing, allowing a worker to remain in a position for a period of time once she or he has been
notified of impending termination might not be the best option. Identify the correct justification for this statement.
A. Workers will interpret early notice as an effort to allow them time to come to grips with the loss of their jobs.
B. Terminated workers will not be inclined to put their best effort, which might result in lost revenues.
C. Workers who are not terminated will have a bad impression about the organization for terminating their coworkers.
D. Terminated workers may interpret early notice as an effort to get the most out of them before departure.
 
Health and safety are "goods" that are valued both as a means for attaining other valuable ends and as ends in themselves.
What does this statement imply?
A. Health and safety have instrumental value and intrinsic value.
B. Employers are responsible to provide a completely safe and healthy workplace.
C. Financial compensation can replace the value of life lost due to lack of health and safety measures.
D. Employers do not have the right to fire employees on grounds of health and safety.
 
Discussions in ethics about employee health and safety tend to focus on the relative risks workers face and the level of
acceptable workplace risk because:
A. workers' compensation is easier to calculate.
B. employers cannot be responsible for providing an ideally safe and healthy workplace.
C. insurance laws mandate the focus on relative risks and acceptability of workplace risk.
D. it results in a completely safe and healthy workplace.
 
Comparison of the probabilities of harm involved in various activities would determine the:
A. acceptable level of risks.
B. absolute risks.
C. speculative risks.
D. relative risks.
 
When can we conclude that an activity has an "acceptable level of risk?"
A. If it can be determined that the probability of harm involved in a specific work activity is manageable.
B. If the probability of harm involved in a specific work activity is acceptable by insurance and workers' compensation laws.
C. If it can be determined that the probability of harm involved in a specific work activity is equal to or less than the probability of harm of some more common activity.
D. If the employers are willing to compensate the harm caused to workers for a specific activity. 
 
Which of the following approaches to health and safety at the workplace can be considered paternalistic decision making
which treats employees like children and makes crucial decisions for them?
A. Government-regulated ethics approach
B. Diversifiable risk approach
C. Acceptable risk approach
D. Market controlled approach 
 
Identify the challenge faced by the acceptable risk approach to health and safety?
A. It is a liberal approach to health and safety that allows employees to recognize the risk they are likely to face.
B. It involves the determination of "relative risks," the calculation of which is a complicated process and not always reliable.
C. Assumes differences between workplace risks and other types of risks when there are significant similarities between them.
D. It ignores the fundamental deontological right an employee might have to a safe and healthy working environment.
 
Which of the following statements is true about the market controlled approach to health and safety?
A. It treats employees disrespectfully by ignoring their input as stakeholders.
B. In this approach, employees would be free to choose the risks they are willing to face by bargaining with employers.
C. It assumes an equivalency between workplace risks and other types of risks when there are significant differences between them.
D. It calls for the determination of comparison of probabilities of harm involved in various activities
 
Enlightened self-interest would be a valuable theory to introduce and apply in the _____ approach to health and safety.
A. market controlled
B. integrative
C. acceptable risk
D. government-regulated
 
Which of the following problems are associated with the market controlled approach to health and safety?
A. Employees do not know the risks involved in a job and therefore they will not be in a position to freely bargain for appropriate wages.
B. It ignores the fundamental deontological right an employee might have to a safe and healthy working environment.
C. It assumes an equivalency between workplace risks and other types of risks when there are significant differences between them.
D. It treats employees disrespectfully by ignoring their input as stakeholders.
 
Identify the correct statement about government standards in the government-regulated ethics approach to health and safety.
A. Due to its focus on prevention rather than compensation, standards cannot address the "first generation" problem of the market controlled approach to health and safety.
B. Standards would favor individual bargaining between employers and employees as the approach to workplace health and safety.
C. Standards can overcome market failures that result from insufficient information.
D. Standards call for the determination of comparison of probabilities of harm involved in various activities.
 
Identify the approach that allows the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to make tradeoffs between health and economics.
A. Sustainability approach
B. Integrative approach
C. Market controlled approach
D. Feasibility approach
 
Critics in both industry and government argue that OSHA should aim to achieve the optimal, rather than highest feasible, level of safety. Which of the following can be used to achieve this goal?
A. Cost-utility analysis
B. Cost-minimization analysis
C. Cost-benefit analysis
D. Cost-effectiveness analysis
 
Identify the distinguishing feature between cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness.
A. Cost-effectiveness is ethically problematic.
B. Cost-benefit analysis adopts the most efficient means available to achieving a particular standard.
C. Cost-benefit analysis is ethically problematic.
D. Cost-effectiveness uses economic criteria before setting the standards.
 
Which of the following statement is true about the cost-benefit analysis?
A. It treats health and safety merely as an intrinsic value and denies its instrumental value.
B. It requires that an economic value be placed on one's life and bodily integrity.
C. It adopts the least expensive and most efficient means available to achieve existing standards.
D. It uses ethical criteria in setting standards.
 
According to the universal principle of Kantian philosophy, the ethical obligation of _____ should guide employment interactions.
A. family responsibilities
B. respect for people
C. honesty
D. core customs
 
The 'Tripartite' part of the Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy refers to all of the following except critical cooperation necessary from:
A. governments.
B. employers' and workers' organizations.
C. multinational enterprises involved.
D. the suppliers and agents associated with the firm.
 
"Bully Broads" is a corporate coaching program designed to help:
A. men adjust with women who act like bullies.
B. women understand how their conception of what it takes to get ahead can be viewed negatively.
C. women understand the importance of behaving similar to that of their male counterparts.
D. men adjust to the idea of women having to act like bullies in a male-dominated society
 
Which of the following is discrimination against those traditionally considered to be in power or the majority?
A. Reverse discrimination
B. Affirmative action
C. Inverse discrimination
D. Backward discrimination
 
Which of the following is an example of reverse discrimination in America?
A. An African-American interviewer rejects another African-American based on color.
B. A female interviewer rejects a male interviewee because of gender.
C. A white interviewer rejects an African-American based on color.
D. A female interviewer rejects another female interviewee because of gender.
 
An organization, in an attempt to avoid discrimination suits filed against it, intentionally hires a lot of black women, and a few disabled people. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
A. The performance of the organization will increase.
B. The organization will win an award for equity.
C. There will be an increase in the number of diversity training sessions.
D. A white man or a woman will file a reverse discrimination suit.
 
Which of the following refers to a policy or a program that tries to respond to instances of past discrimination by implementing proactive measures to ensure equal opportunity today?
A. Gentrification
B. Bully Broads
C. Just cause
D. Affirmative action
 
All of the following are ways through which affirmative action can arise
at the workplace except:
A. through legal ways.
B. through judicial affirmative action.
C. consultant based affirmative action.
D. voluntary affirmative action plans.
 
The law relating to affirmative action applies only to about 20 percent of the workforce who are subject to Executive Order 11246, which requires affirmative action efforts to ensure equal opportunity. Which of the following is required by courts in order to remedy a finding of past discrimination, when Executive Order 11246 is not applicable?
A. Voluntary affirmative action
B. Judicial affirmative action
C. Quasi-affirmative action
D. Executive affirmation action 
 
Which of the following affirmative action plans would include training plans and programs, focused recruiting activity, or the elimination of discrimination?
A. Quasi-affirmative action
B. Executive affirmation action
C. Judicial affirmative action
D. Voluntary affirmative action
 
When it is claimed that people that 'pay' for wrongs are unfairly burdened and should not bear the responsibility for the acts of others, they are opposing to:
A. reverse discrimination.
B. judicial activity within organizations.
C. affirmative action.
D. authoritative leadership.