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Utilitarianism and consequentialism is the same thing.
True
 
Unlike utilitarians, policy makers are not concerned with the well-being of the whole community. 
False
 
Principle-based ethics might allow the sacrifice of individual rights if the overall good demanded it.
False
 
The theory of virtue ethics focuses on a full and detailed description of those character traits that would constitute a good and human life. Egoism is simply not a factor in the ethical decision-making of caring, empathetic, charitable, and sympathetic persons.
True
 
Which statement is not true of principle-based, or rights-based, ethics?
While we are committed to the dignity and well-being of individuals, an individual may have to sacrifice his or her rights in order to generate a net increase in the collective good.
 
According to ethical relativism, there is no right or wrong except in terms of what a particular culture or society practices or what a person's feelings about an issue are. Values such as equality, fairness, integrity, self-respect, and freedom from coercion are simply a matter of personal or social opinion.
True
 
Which of the following reasons accounts for utilitarianism's dominance among policy makers and administrators?
It seems obvious that policy questions should be judged by results and consequences.
Policy experts at all levels are focused on results and getting things done.
Efficiency is simply another word for maximizing happiness.
All of the above.
 
Which statements are characteristic of virtue ethics?
Our character traits are easily modified, almost on a day-to-day basis if we so choose.
Like Kantian ethical theory, virtue ethics requires that we disregard personal emotions and feelings.
Virtue ethics is about describing people as good or bad.
None of the above.
 
Historically, utilitarians place a very high value on individual freedom of choice, even though free individuals do not always choose what is good for them.
True
 
Which of the following intellectual disciplines provides absolute proof of its conclusions?
The social, biological, meteorological, and medical sciences.
Ethical judgments based on well-reasoned arguments from sound moral principles.
The applied sides of engineering, chemistry, and physics.
None of the above.
 
Which statement does not reflect the idea of ethical relativism:
Determining what is ethically right or wrong is a process of arguing from an appeal to values and principles that justify and legitimize an opinion.
 
Which statement is not true of Kant's categorical imperative?
The inability to universalize the maxim of an act may sometimes be ignored if the act in question will produce the greatest good for the greatest number.
 
Free market capitalism's roots are in ethical relativism.
False
 
Mathematics, the more theoretical side of physics, engineering and chemistry, and all ethical judgments based on careful logical analysis and reasoning provide us with conclusions that are absolutely certain and beyond doubt.
False
 
Rights and duties are not correlated. Duties are what I owe others. Rights are claims I make against others.
False
 
The condition of plenty or surplus and competition allow everyone to get what they want; this is a condition of free market capitalism.
False
 
Virtue ethics remind us to examine how character traits are formed and conditioned.
True
 
According to Kant, any action's maxim that cannot be universalized is ethically wrong and should not be performed.
True
 
One way to understand rights is to identify them with a person’s wants. Rights protect these wants even though, objectively, they may conflict with what is really good for a person.
False
 
Identify the statement that is consistent with utilitarian ethical theory:
No act is ever morally right or wrong in all cases, in every situation. It will all depend on the act’s consequences.
 
Because utilitarianism focuses on consequences, producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number, as the sole criterion
for determining ethical right and wrong, no action is ever right or wrong in itself, in every situation.
 
True
 
Which statements are legitimate challenges to utilitarian ethical theory?
The end may justify the means.
There is no consensus among utilitarians on how to measure and determine the overall good.
It is difficult to know how to consider the consequences for all the parties that will be affected by an act.
All of the above.
 
Which proposition correctly describes the concept of a right?
Rights protect a person's wants.
 
A trap of relativism involves confusing the fact that there is wide disagreement about values, with the conclusion that no
agreement is possible.
True
 
Kantian ethics argues that we are acting morally only when we act out of a universal good will.
True
 
Rights are sometimes described as "trumps" that override the collective will. Rights function to protect certain interests
that are more important and central in human well-being than the mere happiness of others.
True
 
There is a consensus among utilitarians on how to measure and determine the overall good.
False
 
A version of utilitarian ethics invoking the tradition of Adam Smith claims that competitive markets are the best means
for attaining utilitarian goals. This is "market" utilitarianism.
True
 
Principle-based, or rights-based, refers to the concept that certain duties: obligations, commitments, and responsibilities, not consequences, determine the correct path to ethical decision-making.
True
 
Cultural relativism offers a factual description of different cultures and societies.
True
 
Which of the following is true of utilitarianism?
whether an act is permissible depends on the consequences it brings about
 
Which of the following are important distinctions for contemporary utilitarians?
Choose all that apply.
act vs. rule utilitarianism
particular acts vs. act types
expected vs. actual consequences
 
How might a utilitarian respond to a situation in which one is faced with a choice whether to tell a lie?
if the consequences of the lie are on the whole better than those of telling the truth, then lying is the right
course of action
 
According to the utilitarian calculus, the consequence that an action poses to future generations can outweigh those facing
individuals in the present time.
True
 
What is the essential determiner of moral value for utilitarians?
sentience
 
Most contemporary utilitarians think act types, rather than particular acts, should be evaluated morally.
False
 
Classic hedonistic act utilitarianism holds that only happiness is good for its own sake and that acts are right insofar as
no alternative act could bring about more of this good.
True
 
What does it mean to say that Bentham's hedonistic utilitarian theory is additive?
the focus is on the total sum of good produced, not the manner in which that good is distributed
 
Which of the following is NOT true of preference utilitarianism?
because the focus is on individual preferences, the type of utilitarianism is considered a relativist theory
 
When using the line-drawing technique marking the most important features assists with the final decision.
True
 
A hallmark example of a certain concept or moral issue is called a ________.
paradigm
 
Most moral issues encountered in the workplace closely resemble a paradigm.
False
 
In the line-drawing technique, the indisputable cases used for comparison are called paradigms, while the issue under
consideration is called the _________.
test case
 
Deciding whether a particular case is an incident of extortion is an example of
an application issue.
 
Determining what is meant by the term "bribe" requires the resolution of a _____ issue,
while the question of whether Denise should accept the gift if it isn't a bribe is a _____ issue.
conceptual, moral
 
Determining whether engineer Alex should accept tickets to a sporting
event from a prospective contractor is an example of a moral issue.
 
Which of the following statements is true of the line-drawing technique?
When analyzing cases, sometimes one must make assumptions that, if they were made differently, would alter
the conclusion from the technique.
 
Kant believed that persons should rely on their emotions in order to develop a sense of duty.
False
 
According to Kantian ethics, morality is based on:
The purity of the will
 
In Kant's terminology, the word 'will' means?
a faculty that animates our bodily actions
 
Who of the following was a leading progenitor of duty ethics?
Immanuel Kant
 
Which of the following is true of Immanuel Kant's theory of duty ethics?
the responsibilities of duty are inscribed on all rational beings, by nature of their rationality
 
A maxim can contradict the categorical imperative while at the same time be consistent with reason.
False
 
Kant believed that fundamental moral principles must be fluid to respond
to the different situations people encounter.
False
 
Which of the following statements can be ascribed to duty? Choose all that apply.
Duty informs us of what we should do in each situation.
A will is good only when it is aligned with duty.
Duty is obedience to the moral law.
 
A good will is motivated by duty alone, not self-interest, moods, or appetites.
True
 
What is the essential difference between a priori and a posteriori knowledge?
the former is gained independent of experience, while the latter is dependent of experience
 
The will cannot be trained to overcome one's inclinations, such as envy or greed.
False
 
Whistle-blowing is the most extreme form of _______ ________.
preventive ethics.
 
What percentage of the NSPE Code of Ethics could be considered prohibitive?
80%
 
An engineer's duty to confidentiality may only be violated when the law demands it.
False
 
By seeking to minimize harm that could result from the use of technology, we are employing _____ ethics
preventive
 
Engineer Paola is going overseas to help improve the sewage system in rural communities is an example of _____ ethics.
aspirational
 
An engineer should report any company misconduct to the proper authorities is an example of _____ ethics.
preventive
 
An engineer must not accept bribes is an example of _____ ethics.
prohibitive
 
Our extraordinarily high gross domestic product led the US to the top of the list of countries in terms of life satisfaction.
False
 
In more industrialized countries, the rate of depression is lower in groups for whom wealth and technology is less of
a priority, such as the Amish.
True
 
There is considerable evidence that income and material possessions always increase the happiness and well-being
of an individual.
False
 
Which of the following pairs represents two opposing approaches to well-being?
subjectivism and objectivism
 
"Capabilities" refers to the ability of people to engage in certain activities, thereby leading the kind of life they value.
True
 
Which canon in the NSPE Code of Ethics did William LeMessurier disobey, or come closest to disobeying, in the Citicorp case?
Avoid deceptive acts.
 
Which ethical analysis can be used to defend William LeMessurier's response in the Citicorp case?
A utilitarian analysis, because his decisions likely led to the best possible outcome for all involved.
 
The concept of "virtue" is treated differently in each of the ethical theories. Which of the following is true?
Utilitarians and Kantians agree that virtue is important but disagree over why it is desirable.
 
Which of the following best describes the argument made by Gerald McLean in "Integrating Ethics and Design"?
Engineering ethics should be thought of as an art that entails the exercise of ingenuity, imagination, and knowledg
 
Two engineers who are designing a bridge are arguing about number and kind of ships that will sail under it.
What kind of issue are they discussing?
factual
 
In "The Good Engineer," Ed Harris argues that virtue ethics...
Offers better resources to explain the importance of dispositions such as environmental concern than
other ethical theories do.
 
What does the obligation to satisfy the "standard of care" mean for engineers?
The engineering errors found are similar in number and degree to those that would be found in the work of a normal
 
Which of the following is one of the intermediary steps for using the Line Drawing method?
Identify two cases that are paradigmatic examples to aid in determining which has more in common with the test case.
 
How would a utilitarian analyze the ethical implications of climate change?
We have no special obligation to the planet or ecosystem as such.
 
ABET requires that students that graduate from accredited universities show an appreciation for continuing to learn
about engineering sciences and practices over one's career. Which of the following best describes how lifelong learning,
understood as developing one's abilities, fits within Kant's ethical theory?
Lifelong learning is considered an imperfect duty and one that often, but not always, should be fulfilled.
 
Which of the following best describes Kant's understanding of the relationship between a "dutiful" act and the consequences
produced by it?
The consequences do not determine whether an act aligns with duty, but they can offer some help in making this determination.
 
Which of the following may have been a factor contributing to the Ford Pinto issue?
The development of the new model was completed in a much shorter time period than was usual in the industry.
 
According to Immanuel Kant, "There is no possibility of thinking of anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can
be regarded as good without qualification, except a good will." Which of the following best explains what he means by a "good will"?
A will is considered good when it "listens" to reason to produce an act that aligns with duty.
 
Mary is an ethical egoist with a career in the nuclear industry. It is likely that she...
is rarely rude nor dishonest when dealing with colleagues because she would be concerned that they would treat her the same way.
 
Which of the following best expresses the idea of eudaimonia (happiness or flourishing) as used by Aristotle?
Eudaimonia is found when an individual develops intellectual capabilities and the disposition needed to act excellently.
 
One shortcoming of the cost-benefit method that was highlighted by the Ford Pinto case is?
Even if benefits and costs were accurately estimated, they may still be distributed unjustly.
 
Identify Metaethics
A study of the nature of ethical claims themselves.
 
Which of the following is true of Aristotle's virtue ethics?
a. Most, but not all, human actions have a mean, which is situated between deficiency and excess.
b. The mean for a virtue such as courage differs among individuals.
c. Virtues of character such as moderation or temperance are cultivated through repeated action, not instruction.
d. Ethics is broadly construed to include both repeated intentional acts (habits) and the development of intellectual capabilities.
All of the above are true.
 
The primary difference between ethical egoism and psychological egoism is:
Ethical egoism is a moral claim, whereas psychological egoism is a descriptive claim.
 
Imagine that a doctor could save four patients who need new organs by killing and transplanting the organs from a
healthy man in the waiting room. The best rule-utilitarian objection to this immoral act is that:
If the overwhelming majority of doctors were to kill healthy patients in order to save others, this would have bad
overall consequences on society.
 
Identify Ethical Egoism:
A theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good
over evil for oneself
 
Identify Psychological Egoism
The theory that people always act in their own self interest, whether they know it or not
 
Identify Presumptive Judgment
Preliminary judgment about right and wrong when not all factors have been considered
 
What is all-things-considered Judgement
Judgement that is made without any missing information
 
Identify Descriptive Ethics
A study of what people do or how they act.
 
Identify Normative Ethics
A study of the standards of the rightness or wrongness of actions, morally speaking.
 
Identify Conceptual Issue
Question about the meaning of a crucial term
 
Identify Application Issue
How something applies to an issue
 
Identify Moral Issue
How people determine between right and wrong
 
Identify Factual Issue
Question about something that has a straight forward answer
 
Identify Hume's Principal
One cannot use factual issues to come to a moral conclusion
 
_____ are the most important things to consider when using utilitarianism.
Consequences
 
Ethical egoism and utilitarianism are _____ based theories.
consequence
 
Utilitarianism is applicable to all decisions we make.
True
 
Utilitarian ethics often conflicts with conventional morality and deeply rooted cultural norms.
True
 
What is the basic idea of Utilitarianism?
Point system based on everyone's overall happiness. The decision that provides the greatest happiness
is the morally right decision.
 
Identify Consequentialism
The doctrine that the morality of an action is to be judged solely by its consequences.
 
Identify Particular Act
Looks at each problem and its context.
 
Identify an Act Type
Focuses only on the act.
 
Identify Actual Consequences
What actually happened.
 
Identify Expected Consequences
What you expect to happen.
 
Identify the Rule Utilitarianism
Based on rules set by us as a society.
 
Identify the Act Utilitarianism
Based solely on a particular act.
 
Identify Hedonism
Focuses on happiness, the net balance of pleasure and pain.
 
Identify Preference Satisfaction
Based on a person's preferences (e.g. smoking).
 
Identify Objective-list
A list that would create a persons overall happiness.
 
Do utilitarians value animals as moral agents?
Most agree that we should include animals.
 
What are 3 objections to utilitarianism?
Way to demanding
Treats people like containers
Impossible to expect all consequences
 
Is utilitarianism applicable to all Consequentialist? Why?
No, because Consequentialism doesn't accept all Utilitarianism cases.
 
Is the cost-benefit analysis an ethical theory?
Not a theory, more of a tool to use. Can relate money to well-being and well-being to a theory.
 
Basic idea of Kant's theory of ethics
Will is perfectly aligned with duty.
 
The responsibilities of duty are inscribed on all _____.
rational beings
 
Morality is based on the purity of the _____, not on the consequences of an action.
will
 
What are the four most important terms of concepts for understanding Kant's theory?
Will, duty, maxim, and categorical imperative.
 
Knowledge or justification depends on experience.
a posteriori
 
The manifestation of reason in its practical form.
Will
 
A motivation distinct from self-interest, self-preservation, sympathy,and happiness.
Duty
 
A subjective principle that one uses to determine a course of action.
Maxim