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Although the Civil Rights act of 1964 required significant changes throughout American society, especially in the workplace and commerce,
it was, politically speaking, only mildly controversial.
           
TRUE  
FALSE
   
Discrimination, in itself, does not give rise to ethical problems unless the criteria for making it are unethical or unfair.
           
TRUE
FALSE
   
Legal access alone is usually sufficient to give a woman or person of color a really fair chance to succeed in a predominantly
male or white workplace.
           
TRUE
FALSE
   
When an employer seeks to increase the applicant pool for its positions, no white male's rights are violated because no white male
has been denied anything to which he had a legitimate ethical claim.
           
TRUE
FALSE
   
To conclude that the most qualified candidate has a legitimate ethical claim on a job is to treat jobs as the private property of
business owners to be distributed as they see fit, not as social goods that should be distributed on grounds of fairness.
           
TRUE
FALSE
   
One response made to young white males who claim that they did not cause the harm done by past discrimination and, therefore,
are being unfairly harmed by being denied equal access is that they are simply being denied something they did not deserve, i.e., an unfair competitive advantage.
           
TRUE
FALSE
   
One of the major arguments for preferential treatment in hiring is that such policies are a legitimate means for compensating
people for harms they have suffered. To fail to compensate continues a practice of undeserved advantages for white males having
to compete in an unfairly restricted job pool and undeserved disadvantages for victims of discrimination.
           
TRUE
FALSE
   
Even though the principle of equality, in its most basic sense, requires us to treat likes alike, ignoring the effects of undeserved and
unfair disadvantages is not treating unlikes alike as long as it is done for the sake of some formal principle of equal or identical treatment.
           
TRUE  
FALSE
   
The word "sex" can mean sex as gender or sex as sexuality. Even though the treatment a woman receives in a case of quid pro quo
sexual harassment is unequal, it only involves sexuality and, as a result, cannot be a case of gender discrimination as well.
             
TRUE
FALSE
   
The "reasonable person" standard for judging the severity of workplace sexual harassment may mean what the average person
considers reasonable, and that understanding may simply ingrain notions of reasonable behavior fashioned by the male offenders,
and may fail to adequately address injustice.
           
TRUE
FALSE
   
Select the statement that emphasizes the startling contrast between gains made by women in professional careers and women
in business careers:
 
1.      Women in general hold less than 5 percent of all senior-level positions in major corporations.
2.      Between 1973 and 1993, the percentage of women lawyers and judges increased from 5.8 to 22.7 percent.
3.      White men comprise 65 percent of managerial positions in industry while women hold 25 percent of them.
4.      Forty percent of native-born working women fill positions classified as "administrative support" and "service"
while only 16 percent of male worker fill such jobs.
   
Choose the statements that correctly reflect the likely utilitarian view of preferential treatment in hiring:
 
1.      Managerial discretion should be given great latitude in hiring decisions.
2.      Hiring decisions should be based on the ability of the candidate to perform the job efficiently and skillfully.
3.      Property rights should prevail in hiring decisions.
4.      Consequences like the goodwill of long-term employees whose families are given preference in hiring must be considered.
5.      Answers A and B are correct.
6.      Answers B and D are correct.
   
Identify the situation that does not show how disparate treatment can result from what appears to be normal and equal
consideration of candidates for a position:
 
1.      Women have lower salary expectations than men. An employer without bias against women might select a qualified woman
for a position just to save money.
2.      A woman who has been hired at a lower salary than a male colleague because her salary expectations were lower may receive an
equal percentage of merit pay over time but applied to a smaller base salary than the male's.
3.      Even if this same woman has received equal opportunity for promotions as the male colleague, she may still never close the
gap between her salary level and the male's salary level.
4.      All of the above.
5.      None of the above.
   
Choose the action that exemplifies affirmative action, i.e., taking extra steps that move beyond passive nondiscrimination:
 
1.      Advertising in media that appeal to women or minorities.
2.      Providing door locks on women's bathrooms and showers but not on men's.
3.      Deliberately recruiting qualified women and minority candidates.
4.      Providing special support through the human resources office for women or people of color who are hired.
5.      This is the correct answer.
6.      All of the above.
7.      None of the above.
   
Select the preferential treatment policy that is likely to raise the least serious ethical challenge:
 
1.      Giving preference to otherwise qualified but previously disadvantaged candidates.
2.      Identifying members of previously disadvantaged groups in the pool of qualified candidates and giving them
preference in the hiring decision.
3.      Identifying members of previously disadvantaged groups in the pool of candidates who are less qualified than white
males and giving them preference in the hiring decision.
4.      Hiring members of disadvantaged groups with only minimal consideration given to qualifications.
   
Identify the arguments that have not been used to support or refute the ethical legitimacy of preferential hiring policies:
 
1.      These policies violate the rights of white males.
2.      These policies are obligatory means for compensating people for harms they have suffered.
3.      Such policies should be rejected because they may create more discrimination as a backlash against gender or racial preferences.
4.      Preferential hiring is a means of providing more role models for young women and people of color.
5.      All of the above.
6.      None of the above.
   
Select the statement or situation that would likely not challenge the merit argument that the most qualified candidate for a
position has earned or deserves it, and the denial of this desert is unjust:
 
1.      Candidates for a job do not necessarily have a legitimate expectation that hiring decisions will always be based
solely on qualifications.
2.      The son or daughter of a high-level executive in a publicly traded company receives preferential hiring treatment.
3.      The candidate from one's own alma mater receives preferential hiring treatment.
4.      The public advertising for a position expressly states its qualifications.
   
Choose the statement that does not support the claim that justice requires preferential hiring and promotion to compensate
people for the harms they have suffered:
 
1.      Preferential treatment equalizes the situation of unfair discrimination after the fact and returns it to the point that it would
have been had discrimination not occurred.
2.      Young white males will lose their undeserved competitive advantage if society simply adopts equal opportunity policies.
3.      Compensation is not being paid by young white males but by private business or society. These white males are only being
denied the competitive advantage they previously enjoyed-something they did not deserve.
4.      The only means to compensate for overall discrimination (e.g., in pay treatment) is to grant individual women preferential
consideration in hiring and promotion.
   
Select the statements that correctly reflect the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's guidelines defining sexual harassment:
 
1.      Submission to unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors and other verbal or physical content of a sexual
nature is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's employment.
2.      Submission or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as a basis for employment decisions affecting that individual.
3.      Such conduct has the effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance.
4.      Such conduct creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment for an individual
5.      All of the above.
6.      None of the above.
   
Identify the reason for not believing that it would be correct to shift from the reasonable "man" or reasonable "person"
standard to the reasonable "women" standard for identifying conduct that unreasonably interferes with work:
 
1.      The shift from reasonable man to reasonable "person" should alert us to the possibility that "person" is simply
a disguised version of "man."
2.      This shift can reinforce the unacceptable sexual and paternalistic stereotype of women as more sensitive, fragile, an
delicate than men and that, therefore, women need extra protection from the rough and tough workplace.
3.      Unless, as one judge has ruled, the outlook of the reasonable women is adopted, defendants and courts are permitted to
sustain ingrained notions of reasonable behavior as fashioned by male offenders.
4.      The reasonable "person" standard can have the effect of simply maintaining the status quo in a workplace that remains
very male oriented.
 
What does the 'Deon' in Deontology mean?
Duty
 
What are Immanuel Kant's two conceptions of duty?
1. Duty as following orders
2. Duty as freely imposing obligations on oneself
 
What is the difference between moral and legal duties?
Moral duties are transcultural and universally binding. Legal duties are according to the law. They change depending on the society.
 
_________ duties take precedence over legal duties & cultural norms
Moral
 
This type of deontologist believes in duty for the sake of duty. They need good will and the right intention.
Non-consequentialist
 
This type of deontologist believes in approval of moral actions depending on their results. To them, intentions do not matter.
Consequentialist
 
Who said "Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the oftener and more steadily we reflect on them: the starry heavens above and the moral law within."?
Immanuel Kant
 
Who wrote Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals?
Immanuel Kant
 
What is the title of the book written by Immanuel Kant?
Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals
 
What is Kant's Supreme Principle of Morality?
He wants to find a principle that, if everybody used it, everybody would
be able to know right from wrong. According to him, this was called the
Categorical Imperative.
 
What is the Categorical Imperative?
Kant believed that if you know what this principle is (from within your human mind) that you will know right from wrong naturally.
 
What is this statement from Kant called? "I should never act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law". This means if you want to do something, can you will that it should become a universal law?
Categorical Imperative
 
According to Kant, this is the test for behavior, it tests us as to whether an action is right or wrong. It is an unconditional directive that is binding at all times.
Categorical Imperative
 
This is also understood as putting yourself in someone else's shoes.
Categorical Imperative
 
Who said, "There is nothing in the world that could be considered good without limitation except a good will." ?
Immanuel Kant
 
According to Kant, this is the only thing in the world that is unconditionally good without limitation.
Good will
 
These are considered by Kant to be talents of the mind.
Understanding, wit, judgment
 
These are considered by Kant to be gifts of fortune.
Power, riches, honor, health, happiness (complete well-being)
 
The value of a good will is not consequence oriented
True
 
According to Kant, what is the good will?
It is the will that acts in accordance with practical reason
 
How did Kant understand happiness to be?
Kant understood happiness to be low pleasure
 
The will is responsible for ________
Action
 
This part of our mind shows us the 'whatness' of things.
Reason
 
What was Kant's discussion of the purpose of reason? It is not to secure happiness. If the purpose were happiness, nature would have provided us with an instinct for such purpose.
The purpose of reason is to achieve a good will.
 
How did Kant believe that good will was formed?
By exercising reason
 
Who said, "A man is morally good, not so far as he acts from passion or self-interest, but insofar as he acts on an impersonal principle valid for others as well as for himself."?
Immanuel Kant
 
Who said, "Moral actions are good, not just because they conform to the Moral Law, but because they are done for the sake of the moral law."
Immanuel Kant
 
According to Kant, what are three kinds of motivating and justifying reasons?
Natural inclination, prudence and duty.
 
These two non-moral motivations, according to Kant, does not express a good will.
Natural inclination and prudence
 
This moral motivation, according to Kant, does express a good will.
Duty
 
This moral motivation, according to Kant, includes FEELINGS, such as love, sympathy, and instinct for self-preservation, or the love of happiness. It is the dependence of the faculty of desire on feeling. It is merely habitual and occurs unreflectively. It is entirely devoid of reason. It is a motivating reason, BUT a non-moral motivation. Does NOT express a good will.
Natural inclination
 
This moral motivation, according to Kant, is the pursuit of one's own self-interest and one's own advantage. It is the same with ethical egoism. This does not express a good will. It is a motivating reason, BUT a non-moral motivation.
Prudence
 
According to Kant, an action has a moral worth, ONLY if it is done from __________.
Duty
 
According to Kant, _______ is the necessity of an action done out of respect for law.
Duty
 
Why does Kant discount Natural
Inclination?
 
Why can't we base morality on
Feelings?
 
What is a maxim?
It is a subjective principle of volition. It determines our actions. It refers to motivations.
 
What kind of law can determine the will in such a way that the will's action can be absolutely good without limitation?
Categorical Imperative
 
The Categorical Imperative is the formal representation of the ___________ ______ to the human mind.
Moral Law
 
Manufacturing employment in the United States peaked
a) during World War II.
b) in 1959.
c) in 1979.
d) in 1999.
e) None of the above is true. Manufacturing employment in the United States continues to increase.
 
One way automation can lead to the creation of new jobs is by
a) producing products quicker, thus shortening the work week.
b) reducing the price of a product, thus increasing people's real income.
c) consuming fewer resources, thus improving the environment.
d) All of the above
e) None of the above is true. Automation always causes a net loss of jobs
 
Productivity in the United States doubled between 1945 and 1990. However, the work week didn't get shorter because
a) income taxes were raised.
b) the standard of living increased.
c) corporate downsizing reduced the number of people in the workforce.
d) the pay of CEOs skyrocketed.
e) taxes doubled between 1945 and 1990.
 
In medieval England, when wages went up,
a) more children joined the labor force.
b) more women joined the labor force.
c) students dropped out of school to take up jobs.
d) workers put in fewer hours.
e) A, B, and C.
 
According to Max Weber, the growth of capitalism was stimulated by a new attitude toward work brought about by
a) the Industrial Revolution.
b) the Protestant Reformation.
c) the English Civil War.
d) the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.
e) the American Revolution.
b) the Protestant Reformation.
 
Artificial intelligence is the field of computer science and engineering that focuses on ways to get machines to exhibit
a) consciousness.
b) ethical behavior.
c) intelligent behavior.
d) philosophical insights.
e) scientific breakthroughs
c) intelligent behavior.
 
According to the Encyclopedia of Computer Science, a "programmable machine that either in performance or appearance imitates human activities" is called a
a) computer.
b) deltoid.
c) mechano.
d) robot.
e) transformer.
 
In 1997 IBM supercomputer Deep Blue
a) defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a six-game match.
b) proved the existence of God.
c) drove a minivan across the United States.
d) designed the Pentium chip.
e) replaced John O'Leary as Chief Financial Officer of IBM
a) defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a six-game match.
 
In 2011 a program named Watson running on an IBM supercomputer
a) decoded the human genome for the first time.
b) became the first computer program to take the job of a software engineer.
c) won the World Crossword Puzzle Championship sponsored by The New York Times.
d) defeated the two most successful human Jeopardy! champions in a three-game match.
e) passed the Turing Test in a competition sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery
 
A personal AI is
a) an intelligent machine inexpensive enough for an individual to purchase it.
b) an intelligent machine devoted to serving an individual human being.
c) a computer capable of beating human beings at games such as chess.
d) a software program, not an actual physical object.
e) a machine conscious of its own existence.
 
Supply-chain automation
a) streamlines organizations by eliminating transactional middlemen.
b) is one way Dell Computer keeps its costs low.
c) links computers at different companies.
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
 
Globalization is
a) the creation of international computer networks.
b) the process of creating a worldwide network of businesses and markets.
c) the adoption of global Internet standards.
d) the adoption of English as the language of business.
e) the way that stock exchanges stay open 24 hours a day
b) the process of creating a worldwide network of businesses and markets.
 
187. The phrase "digital divide" refers to the situation where
a) some people have access to information technology and others do not.
b) users of Macintosh computers are at a disadvantage compared to users of Windows computers.
c) only stockholders in high-tech companies can get rich in the new economy.
d) the U.S. government prevents information technology from being exported to "unfriendly" countries.
e) the prices of computers are kept artificially high in order to keep them out of the hands of people in Third World countries.
 
The process by which a new technology is assimilated into a society is called
a) cultural relativism.
b) globalization.
c) IT leverage.
d) social receptivity index.
e) technological diffusion
 
In some markets a few top performers receive a disproportionate share of the rewards. Frank and Cook call this phenomenon
the winner-take-all effect.
 
When one store stays open late to gain an advantage, its competitors begin to stay open late, too. At this point the first store is no better off than it was before, but now every store has additional expenses. This illustration is an example of what Frank and Cook call a
positional arms race.
 
The percentage of American workers involved in the _____________ industry has dropped from 35 percent in 1947 to 10 percent in 2009.
manufacturing
 
Productivity in the United States doubled between 1948 and 1990. This productivity increase translated into a higher ______________ for the average American.
standard of living
 
In 1997 IBM supercomputer Deep Blue defeated world champion Gary Kasparov playing the game of ____________.
chess
 
In 2001 Swedish appliance maker Electrolux introduced a domestic robotic ________________.
vacuum cleaner
 
An arrangement where employees spend a significant portion of their work day at a distance from the employer or traditional place of work is called ________________.
telework
 
Many software jobs are moving from the United States to India because India has many qualified computer programmers and ______________.
salaries are lower
 
The process of creating a worldwide network of businesses and markets is called ______________.
globalization
 
The situation where some people have access to modern information technology and others do not has been given the label________________.
the digital divide
 
The first people to adopt a new technology are those who have more money. As the technology matures, its price drops dramatically, enabling more people to acquire it. This process is called __________________
technological diffusion.
 
Robert Frank and Philip Cook have explored markets where a few top performers receive a disproportionate share of the rewards. They call them ______________ markets.
winner-take-all
 
What is "the digital divide?" Describe the two fundamentally different dimensions of the digital divide
The digital divide refers to the situation in which some people have access to modern information technology and others do not.
 
The global divide refers to the disparity in Internet access between
more industrialized and less industrialized nations.
 
The social divide refers to the difference in access between the rich
and poor within a particular country.
 
Describe the two models of technological diffusion and explain how they are used by technological optimists (and technological pessimists)
to predict the future of "the digital divide." Normalization model: group A begins to adopt tech, followed by B, then
Eventually nearly everyone in all three groups is using the new technology.