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Given the general importance of determining the facts, there is a role for science in any study of ethics
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In the ethical decision-making process, the issue identification step always follows the fact gathering step
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Business decisions and ethical decision are mutually exclusive
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an ethical dilemma is
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Even if it may not be the best decision made, using a simple _____ might appear to relieve one of accountability for the decision.
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In the broadest sense, which among the following can help explain ethical disagreements?
perceptual differences
 
The model for making ethically responsible decisions suggests that a certain type of _____ can lead to making bad ethical choices.
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One helpful exercise for considering the effects of a decision on others is to...
shift one's role.
 
The ability of losing sight of the ethical aspects while involved in the financial aspect of decisions is called_______.
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One of the major challenges associated with ethical decision-making is better understood by realizing that decisions involve...
the interests of multiple stakeholders
 
Which among the following distinguishes good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not?
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Which ethical framework is based on the foundations of rules and the need for them to be followed, no matter the consequences?
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Role-based duties concerned with professionals in business (lawyers, accountants, financial analysts, bankers etc.)
are often termed as _____.
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Immanuel Kant argued that there is one fundamental ethical principle that one has to follow, no matter what the consequence. Identify it.
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Fundamentally, the concept of _____ is central to the deontological tradition.
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The utilitarian tradition has a long history of relying on _____ for deciding on the ethical legitimacy of alternative decisions.
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Which form of Ethics does the end justify the means?
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An ethical tradition that directs us to decide based on overall consequences of our actions is termed
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The study of various character traits that can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life is part of
virtue ethics
 
Which of the following focuses on the concept of practices and what type of people these practices are creating?
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One of the key manifestations of ethical leadership is the _____ for the organization.
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The development of guiding principles for the firm is the articulation of a clear vision regarding
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According to the text, which among the following are the defining factors for the success of codes of conduct?
Process by which they are conceived and written, as well as the implementation
 
Identify the most important factor in integration, without which, there is no clarity of purpose, priorities, or process.
Communication
 
Ethical means of leadership alone is insufficient for establishing ethical leadership. Identify the other element.
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Which among the following facilitates the organization to spot vulnerabilities before other stakeholders (internal or external) spot them?
Ongoing assessment of the corporate culture
 
Which among the following has the capacity to offer a firm direction and stability during challenging times?
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Which among the following actually impacts culture in a circular way?
Perception
 
A strong ethical culture can serve as a deterrent to _____ and improve bottom line sustainability.
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Which among the following has an effect of not only ending unethical activities but also harming the business, and seeming disloyal?
Whistleblowing
 
Corporate philanthropy is an example of
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In essence, talk about business's _____ is to be concerned with society's interests that should restrict or bind business's behavior.
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Among which of the following would both law and ethics say that business should be held liable for violating its responsibilities?
The social responsibility of a firm to not cause harm to others.
 
This model of CSR denies that business has any social responsibilities beyond the economic and legal ends for which it was created.
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A good CSR reputation can improve profitability by enhancing the company's standing among its __________.
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All the above
 
 
These businesses bring social goals into the core of their business model, and fully integrate economic and social goals.
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Though there are many justifications for ethics in business, often the discussion returns to ___________.
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This model views business as a citizen of the society in which it operates and must conform to the normal ethical duties and obligations that we all face.
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___________ is the practice of attending to the "image" of a firm.
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__________ recognizes that every business decision affects a wide variety of people, benefiting some and imposing costs on others.
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This refers to a policy or a program which in essence, makes the wrongs of yesterday, right today.
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Inattentional blindness results from focusing failures
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Normative myopia occurs when decisions makers fail to notice gradual changes over time
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Stakeholders include all of the group and / or individuals affected by a decision, policy for operation of a firm or individual
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Moral imagination is one element that distinguishes good people who make ethically responsible decisions from bad people who do not
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All of the following are ways through which affirmative action can arise at the workplace except _________________
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This, among many, provides explicit guides and resources detailing appropriate behavior as well as offering legal direction and parameters for both employees and employers.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
 
Which among the following approaches to health and safety at the workplace would be considered paternalistic in decision-making?
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The threat of compensation acts as an incentive for employers to maintain a reasonably safe and healthy workplace environment most in the situation where the approach to_______________
health and safety is market controlled
 
Which of the following theories has been contended to be most effective when dealing with issues on downsizing within an organization?
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According to the universal principle of Kantian philosophy, the ethical obligation of _____ should guide employment interactions
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The flipside of a diverse workplace is that it can potentially increase several areas of _____
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_____ refers to the procedures that police and courts must follow in exercising their authority over citizens. (spelling is important)
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Unless a contractual agreement specifies otherwise, employers are free to fire an employee at any time, for any reason because of '_____'.
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All of the following are methods of managing human resources through monitoring except
to ensure the avoidance of reverse discrimination suits.
 
The reason the Constitution's Fourth Amendment protection applies only to the public sector workplace is because
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The invasion of privacy claim with which most people are familiar is one that developed through case law called________________.
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A critical element of comparing and weighing the Alternatives is the consideration of ways to mitigate, minimize, compensate for any possible harmful consequences
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Consequences or justifications are the only means for comparing alternatives
False
 
The process of making a responsible, ethical decision does not end at making a decision
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Accountability of decision-making is partly attributed by one's ability to learn from past experience
True
 
The best environment for high quality ethical decision making involves "thin air thinking"
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Privacy can be protected by all of the following three ways except by
Judicial opinions
 
The idea that the definition of 'should have known ' expanding to include an expectation of monitoring is attributed to businesses__________________.
Protecting against legal liability
 
From a utilitarian perspective, individual rights to privacy may be outweighed by a right to control information in the case where
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Two general and connected understandings of privacy have been identified as a right to be 'let alone' within a personal space, and privacy as the
the right to control information about oneself
 
The right to privacy, founded in the individual's universal right to autonomy, is restricted by a social contract in our culture that prevents us from infringing on someone else's right to his or her personal autonomy. This is referred to as
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From which among the following perspectives does the business have only the responsibility to provide a good or service at an agreed-upon price?
Caveat emptor
 
Which among the following is not a condition to be adhered to ensure that a willing exchange between two parties is ethically legitimate?
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Identify which is not a factor of consideration while understanding the concept of 'freedom' to make a choice.
Amount of information
 
The law holds that in selling a product, a business implicitly offers assurances that the product is reasonably suited for its purpose. This is termed _______
implied warranty of merchantability
 
Which among the following is indicative of the ethical concern over alleged benefits obtained through market exchanges?
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Many ethical and legal issues surrounding manufacturers' responsibility for products entail an attempt to specify what constitutes _____ in their design, production, and sale.
Negligence
 
firmly held beliefs held by an individual
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meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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ethics is derived from the greek word "ethos" which means
conventional
 
The focus for much of the discussion of business's responsibility for product safety is on assigning
liability for harms caused by unsafe products
 
This standard is the one most used in legal cases and seems to better capture the ethical goals of the very concept of negligence.
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________________ implies working behind the scenes, guiding someone's behavior without their explicit consent or conscious understanding.
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_____ explains the nature of economic transactions in the terms of a flow of resources from businesses to households and back again.
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All of the following are inadequacies of the view "that as long as business responded to the market and obeyed the law, it has met its environmental responsibilities" except _________________.
It contends that environmental protection will extend further than legal jurisdictions
 
Estimates suggests that with present technologies, businesses can readily achieve at least a fourfold increase in efficiency, and perhaps as much as a tenfold increase. This can be achieved through _________________.
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According to Daly, the emphasis of economic growth as the goal of economic policy will inevitably fail unless it is realized that ________________.
the economy is a subsystem within earth's biosphere.
 
The fact that future generations, neighbors, etc. will bear the brunt of environmental pollution, goes to show that market failure can occur through means of
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Markets can work to prevent harm only through information supplied by the existence of market failures. This is termed ______________
first-generation problem.
 
All of the following are characteristics of a market approach to environmental responsibilities except:
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Before the passage of governmental regulations regarding environmental issues, the primary legal avenue open for addressing environmental concerns was _______.
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The Triple Bottom Line approach involves the measurement of business success in terms of all of the following factors except _____________.
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The _____ relies on the judgment of accounting professionals in carrying out their duties rather than stipulating specific rules.
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Which among the following are responsible for ensuring that decisions and transactions conform to the law and executives act on behalf of the stockholder's interest?
Board of directors
 
A conflict of interest exists where a person holds a position of _____ that requires that she or he exercise judgment on behalf of others, but where her or his personal interests and/or obligations conflict with those of others.
to trust
 
Which among the following is responsible for influencing the control consciousness of its people under the elements of COSO?
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The COSO standards for internal controls shifted audit, compliance, and governance from a _____ to concern for the organizational environment.
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Which among the following duties of board members underlines the fact that directors of a company need not actually be an expert or run the company?
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The events that led to Enron's demise brought into focus the necessity of the _____ and the responsibility of auditors as never before.
independence of auditors
 
According to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, the board must, in particular, work with executives to analyze the ___________.
Incentive for ethical behavior
 
When professionals have a professional and ethical obligation to their clients, duties that override their own personal interests, they are said to have __________.
fiduciary duties
 
Management assessment of internal controls is an aspect of which among the following provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that has significantly impacted corporate governance and boards?
Section 404
 
Unlike Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for accountants, there are no principles, standards, concepts, or values common to business ethics.
False
 
Which of the following statements is decisive in determining whether or not to study business ethics?
Ethical concerns are as unavoidable in business as are concerns of marketing, accounting, finance, and human resources. Formal study of business ethics helps address these concerns so that businesses can integrate ethics in their decision-making.
 
Philosophical ethics distinguishes what people do value from what they should value.
True
 
Which of the following is NOT a part of responsible decision making?
using your common sense to decide
 
Philosophical ethics denies that conformity and obedience are the best guides to how we should live.
True
 
In a society that values individual freedom, everything that is legal is ethically right and everything that is ethically wrong is illegal.
False
 
The role of an ethics course should be to convey information to a passive audience, while treating students as passive learners.
False
 
Business ethics is concerned more with reasoning than answers.
True
 
The major reason to study ethics is to be able to answer questions such as "what should I do?" or "what type of person should I be?" or "how shall I live in my community?"
True
 
If something is seriously wrong, the law will prohibit it. Consequently, it's enough to rely on the law for deciding what's right or wrong.
False
 
According to philosophical ethics, a simple acceptance of customary norms is an adequate ethical perspective.
False
 
Gatekeepers are those people and institutions whose role is to provide checks on illegal and unethical behavior.
True
 
Ethics and ethos are the same thing.
False
 
Ethical behavior and an ethical reputation can provide a competitive advantage in the marketplace and with customers, suppliers, and employees.
True
 
The "Separation Thesis" holds that
ethical considerations should be kept out of business.
 
A skeptical challenge to business ethics is that there is no common rational basis for making ethical judgments.
True
 
Child labor is a very common phenomenon with cases of employing children in the manufacturing of athletic shoes and clothing being the most well-publicized instances.
True
 
Which of the following statements is true of virtue ethics?
Virtue ethics directs us to consider how various character traits can contribute to, or obstruct, a worthy and good human life.
 
Which of the following ethical traditions implies that a greedy person who does distasteful and selfish things will not lead a fulfilling and good human life?
Virtue Ethics
 
According to principle-based ethics, individuals possess certain basic rights that should not be violated even if doing so would increase the overall good or social happiness.
True
 
Principle-based ethics is based on the concepts of promises, justice, fairness, rights, and duties.
True
 
There is a consensus among utilitarians on how to measure and determine the overall good.
False
 
Virtue ethics reminds us to examine how character traits are formed and conditioned.
True
 
Human beings are no more naturally selfish and greedy than they are naturally kind and compassionate.
True
 
Which of the following statements is true of ethical theories?
Ethical theories not only guide our actions but also provide reasonable justification for prescribing behavior.
 
Principle-based ethics might allow the sacrifice of individual rights if the overall good demanded it.
False
 
Historically, utilitarians place a very high value on individual freedom of choice, even though free individuals do not always choose what is good for them.
True
 
According to John Stuart Mill, people need to be educated and experienced in a variety of pleasures before they are competent to judge.
True
 
Because utilitarianism focuses on consequences, producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number as the sole criterion for determining ethical right and wrong, no action is ever right or wrong in itself, in all cases, in every situation—even, perhaps, lying.
True
 
One way to understand rights is to identify them with a person's wants. Rights protect these wants even though, objectively, they may conflict with what is really good for a person.
False
 
which of the following statements is true of utilitarian ethics? It holds that the ethical significance of any action can be determined
by looking at the consequences of that act.
 
The primary aim of ethical values is that the human well-being promoted through it is not of a _____ and _____ nature.
Personal and selfish
 
Respecting employee privacy while also adequately managing the workplace at a time when workplace e-mail was in its infancy, and no laws regarding it were in place, is an example for which one of the following?
Laws cannot anticipate every new business dilemma that might be faced.
 
Individual codes of conduct regarding how one should live, how one should act, what one should do, what kind of a person should one be, etc. is sometimes referred to as:
morality
 
_____ set the standards or guidelines for determining what one should do, how one should act, what type of person one should be.
norms
 
Ethics requires that the promotion of human well-being be done __________. in a manner that is acceptable and reasonable from all relevant points
of view.
 
This inclines one to act or to choose one way rather than another.
values
 
Which among the following branches of study raises questions about justice, law, civic virtues, and political philosophy?
social ethics
 
Understanding the change in attitude towards the role of business ethics includes the understanding that corporate scandals in the recent past have largely affected _____.
Stakeholders
 
A person who acts in a way that is based upon a careful consideration of _____ has acted in a more ethically responsible way than a person who acts without deliberation.
facts
 
Which among the following steps involves predicting the likely, foreseeable, and the possible consequences to all the relevant stakeholders?
Compare and weigh the alternatives
 
Which of the following statements is consistent with principle-based ethics?
Individuals have rights that should not be sacrificed in order to generate a net increase in the collective good.
 
Which proposition correctly describes the concept of a right?
Rights protect a person's interests.
 
Rights are sometimes described as "trumps" that override the collective will. Rights function to protect certain interests that are more important and central in human well-being than the mere happiness of others.
True
 
Which of the following statements is true of Kant's categorical imperative?
Kant claimed that ethics requires us to treat all people as ends and not only as means.
 
Which statement is true of Bowie's Kantian approach to business ethics?
While it is ethically good for managers to prevent harm or do some good, their duty to stockholders overrides these concerns.
 
Prisoners' dilemma cases are examples of situations in which cooperation does not have a more optimal outcome than competition.
false
 
The pursuit of profit is the mechanism by which a business is thought to serve the utilitarian goal of satisfying consumer demand, thereby maximizing the overall good.
true
 
All of the following statements about Section 230 are true EXCEPT:
It protects ISP and social media platforms from legal accountability for content.
 
The free market theory provides the rationale for the responsibility of managers to make as much money for their stockholders as possible
true
 
A wider interpretation of the meaning of a stakeholder as any affected party places an impossible burden on managers who would have to account for everyone who might be affected by a business decision.
true
 
Market failures occur in a variety of situations in which the pursuit of profit will not result in a net increase in consumer satisfaction because in these situations markets fail to do what they were designed to do.
true
 
If the costs of externalities like air pollution, ground water contamination and depletion, soil erosion, and nuclear waste disposal are borne by parties who are not involved in the exchange between buyer and seller, the exchange price does not represent an equilibrium between true costs and benefits.
true
 
Milton Friedman did not recognize that there are limits to the pursuit of profits.
false
 
According to the private property defense of the economic model of corporate social responsibility, managers who use corporate funds for projects that are not directly devoted to maximizing profits are stealing from their owners. Which statement supports this view?
Investors buy their stocks with the hope of maximizing return on their investment.
 
The free market, or neoclassical, theory of corporate social responsibility relies on utilitarianism and the concepts of individual rights to freedom and property for its ethical justification.
true
 
The management of an online retailer is mostly interested in implementing strategies and pushing policies that result in the utilization of their stockholders' property to serve the interests of its employees and the local community. The defenders of which of the following models are likely to consider these actions as theft?
the economic model of corporate social responsibility
 
The stakeholder theory of corporate social responsibility is totally incompatible with the utilitarian ethical theory because the stakeholder concept requires balancing the interests of all the parties affected by business decisions.
false
 
the most influential theory of corporate responsibility of the past century is
the neoclassical economic theory
 
Utilitarian ethics directs us to maximize happiness
True
 
There is no reason to believe that ad hoc attempts to repair market failures, such as determining shadow prices for unpriced social goods, or exempting social goods from the market, or using the law to address social goods that are unattainable through individual choice, are socially inadequate.
false
 
Section 230 of the U.S. Communications Decency Act of 1996 proved that obeying the law is sufficient for a business eto fulfill its ethical and social responsibilities.
false
 
Which of the following statements does not represent a market failure, a situation in which the pursuit of profit will not result in a net increase in consumer satisfaction?
Situations in which externalities have been internalized result in an equilibrium in the exchange price between true costs and benefits.
 
The significance of the moral minimum approach lies in its recognition that compliance with the law is insufficient for being an ethically responsible business.
true
 
Efficient markets guarantee that an ethically worthy outcome has been achieved.
false
 
In a study of the nature of ethical leadership, if leaders strongly demonstrated individual traits of receptivity, listening, openness, and caring for people, these traits were found to impede their success and employees' perception of them as ethical leaders.
false
 
Which of these is true regarding assessment and monitoring of the ethics of a corporate culture?
Ongoing ethics audits can and do serve all of these functions within an organization.
 
Ethical business leaders not only act ethically on a personal level, but also allocate corporate resources to support and promote ethical behavior in the workplace.
true
 
Which of the following is true of an ethical organizational culture?
An ethical culture empowers employees to act in ethically responsible ways even when the law does not require it.
 
Before having an impact on the culture via a code of conduct or a statement of values, a company must first determine its mission and articulate its mission statement.
true
 
a good and effective leader must also be ethical
false
 
Ethics ombudsmen and ethics hotlines in organizations allow employees to report wrongdoing and create procedures for follow-up and enforcement.
true
 
Which of the following statements is true of corporate cultures? An organization's culture offers it direction and stability during
challenging times.
 
Personal decision making and ethical behavior within a given company actually are influenced very little, or not at all, by the corporate culture of that company.
false
 
"Whistleblowing" can harm the business and the whistleblower, but has not been known to end the unethical behavior it exposes.
false
 
According to research conducted by Collins and Porras, which of the following is a common practice that explains the success of visionary companies?
a great emphasis on essential and enduring tenets
 
Which of these is not a requirement of internal mechanisms for reporting wrongdoing within an organization?
They must report to legal authorities.
 
The pressure of competetive markets alone is enough to weed out unethical behavior among organizations.
false
 
A corporate culture is fashioned by a shared pattern of all of the following except
bylaws
 
In an organization, codes and rules prove to be meaningless if ethical behavior is not enforced.
true
 
Select the statement that does not represent one of the common aspects of the contemporary work scene.
Most workers will likely have no more than one or two jobs in a lifetime.
 
The idea that the meaning and value of work is whatever the workers determine that it is simply doesn't challenge in any significant way Bowie's contention that employers have an obligation to provide meaningful work.
false
 
Identify a true statement regarding a job.
A job is a role that one steps into and out of as a means for earning money.
 
In the context of the meaning of work, which of the following statements is true?
Work means activities that involve perseverance, discipline, toil, usually performed with a degree of seriousness and concentration.
 
Both liberals who believe that the ethical assessment of work should be based on how work affects the workers' ability to make free and autonomous decisions about their lives and the human fulfillment school that makes that judgment on the basis of what makes a good meaningful human life are saying essentially the same thing.
false
 
A job might be described simply as work in which self-identity and the activity are independent of each other.
true
 
It is its potential to be intimately connected to our deepest values that makes the meaning and value of work have important implications for the structure and operation of the workplace.
true
 
Work-from-home situations provide all of the following except
a more realistic work-life balance
 
According to the classical interpretation of work, happiness is simply getting whatever one wants.
false
 
Social conditions of routine, unchallenging, boring jobs tend to suppress the human faculties of rational and autonomous choice.
true
 
Indicate the statement that is not consistent with Bowie's liberal theory of work.
It is a simple enough task to find a justification for any objective, normative definition of meaningful work.
 
According to the human fulfillment model, the psychological and social benefits of work do not reduce to merely subjective and personal values.
true
 
The value of housework and child care have systematically been undervalued by social programs such as Social Security, unemployment insurance, and many public policies concerned with marriage and divorce.
true
 
Which of the following statements is not true about the issues confronting business ethics?
Jobs do not have the potential for influencing and shaping individuals.
 
The human fulfillment model of work believes that work is the primary means for developing human potential.
true
 
To the degree that work can be intellectual, leisurely, and free, it can be meaningful; employment and wage labor are as likely to attain these conditions.
false
 
Which of the following is a true expression of Marx's concept of alienation?
Alienation is the result of work that prevents the full development of human potential.
 
The critics of work-life balance practices believe that work can be a central part of an individual's identity and it can have significant benefits for people.
true
 
Without collective bargaining, employers would have a stronger incentive to compromise with individual employees on levels of wages and benefits.
false
 
Identify the proposition that challenges the argument for mandatory union membership.
Bargaining between employers and employees will be equal only if the employees bargain for wages and benefits as individuals.
 
The concept of democracy is based on the belief that each individual has the right and duty to fully participate in social and political decision making.
true
 
The employment at will doctrine means, essentially, that unless a specific contract states otherwise, an employer has the right to hire and fire an employee for any reason whatever and the employee has the right to quit a job at any time.
true
 
The right to freedom of expression means that an employee can never be fired or disciplined for personal opinions that they express on their social media accounts.
false
 
One meaning of "employee rights" is that employees have claims independently of any particular legal system, claims that originate from the respect due to them as human beings.
true
 
Determine which statement defends the idea that private employers do not have an obligation to provide jobs for others.
Employers have rights, although limited, to property and also have their own right to work.
 
Utilitarianism as a social philosophy is against policies that _____.
seek to benefit a small minority
 
Which of the following is a true statement about utilitarians?
They are likely to be very pragmatic thinkers.
 
What are the categories that represent the major traditions of ethical frameworks? (Check all that apply.)
Personal character
Principles
Consequences
 
Which ethical tradition has its origins in 18th- and 19th-century political and social philosophy and functions on the belief that outcomes matter?
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From an ethical perspective, what is considered the most reasonable decision a person can make?
A decision that promotes the greatest number of human values for the greatest number of people
 
In the past, utilitarianism as a social philosophy has been strongly supportive of _____.
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According to utilitarianism, the ultimate good and the only thing that can be valued for its own sake is _____.
happiness
 
Utilitarians believe that an act is either absolutely right or wrong in all cases in every situation
False
 
Directs one to decide based on overall consequences of one's acts
Utilitarianism
 
The principle-based framework
Directs one to act on the basis of moral principles
 
LifeDirects one to consider the moral character of individuals and how various character traits can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life
Virtue ethics
 
Utilitarianism has been called a _________ approach to ethics and social policy because its fundamental insight is that people should decide what to do by considering the overall consequences of their actions.
consequentialist
 
Much of 20th-century economics, or what is known as the free market, is based on _____.
Utilitarianism
 
According to utilitarians, what is the ultimate ethical goal? To produce the best outcomes overall after considering all the
stakeholders involved
 
Utilitarians believe that the purpose of ethics ought to be the _____.
maximization of overall happiness
 
Identify a true statement about utilitarians.
They make decisions strictly based on consequences.
 
Which of the following would be promoted by Adam Smith's version of utilitarianism? (Check all that apply.)
Policies that protect property rights
Policies that encourage competition
 
The most significant contribution of utilitarianism to philosophical thought is _____.
its impact in the field of economics